3D Printing - Science topic

thank you

Hi Sandeep,

Yes we got in contact with Cellink‘s technical support team through their website. Then we were able to create user accounts and gain access to and download the Heartware software package from the website to ur laptops. With Heartware installed we are able to use any CAD program (i.e. Tinker, Autodesk) to create or import a premade STL file. We then imported the file to Heartware which is able connect directly to the Inkredible+ printer. We found that if you using a prebuilt model stl file you don’t necessarily need CAD software (you can directly upload STL files to Heartware) but it is useful if you need to make modifications to the model.

Dear Amirhosein Naghizadeh,

Horizontal structs thickness increased due to moving the nozzle in straight direction try to optimize the overlap percentage in CURA software and material flow rate while printing to optimize the thickness of the horizontal struct. Also, check the layer width to control the the thickness of struct.

Thank you for your inquiry . Returning to the special issue theme, the unification of procedures at the CAD design stage or in the RE process for the additive manufacturing process regarding recommended dimensional and geometry accuracies or surface roughness is a complex problem, so feel free to join the discussion.

That's the printer. Looks like it's cartesian...

MIT OpenCourseWare (OCW)

Nice

Thank you for your explanation, Dr. Maghchiche

Abdelhak Maghchiche

Dorice Vieira I kindly thank you for your valuable insights and recommendation. I will go through it.

Attached is a free access paper on modelling photocuring and the equations relating the different parameters.

Some types of dyes are used in PETG filaments : Solvent Dyes, Anthraquinone Dyes, Phthalocyanine Dyes and Disperse Dyes.

The specific dye or colorant used can vary depending on the manufacturer and the desired properties of the filament, such as UV resistance, lightfastness, and thermal stability.

I am unable to obtain the link for the plugin. Could you please share it?

Dear Wael,

From my experience, there are no documented cost, time, or material savings in commercial construction 3DP projects to date, which are not just claims and overly optimistic marketing. If you want to address your thesis topic seriously, I recommend that you rigorously point out why there is a housing crisis, what the specific reasons are, and how technology can mitigate those and help. If the reasons are costs and resources, your chances are low. Follow Jarett Gross @ Automate Construction for more economic truths behind the hype.

Enjoy your discoveries!

Through experimentation and with the help of previous research, I was able to roughly solve this problem.

Under normal circumstances, there is still an unobservable amount of incompletely cured resin on the surface or inside the printed and moulded resin-based device. And this part of incompletely cured resin can cause catalyst poisoning of the PDMS polymer material when pouring the mould, which results in the PDMS in contact with the surface of the mould failing to cure when heated.Therefore, the most important part of solving this problem is to post-process the printed and moulded resin-based devices so that they are fully cured and moulded. The methods include: secondary UV irradiation treatment, heat treatment, and organic solvent immersion treatment. All of these treatments require only 2-3h.

Finally, I hope these methods are helpful.

Do you see the Kikuchi pattern by eye? If not, try adding 10% H2O2 solution to the oxide polishing solution and repolish.

Also, CI is a lottery between the phases you put into the expected phases. If you put very similar phases, the CI will be low even if your preparation is good.

Perhaps you can share the data? It would be way easier to see the analysis and diagnostics personally. Maybe the problem lies somewhere else?

Different Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques are actually gaining increasing interest in industry.

In my opinion, Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) has a great potential in aerospace and naval fields.

In this technique a single-screw extruder similar to the ones being used in plastic extrusion industry is used to selectively deposit thermoplastic materials layer-by-layer, as in conventional Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) techniques.

The main advantages of BAAM are related to:

More considerations on the advantages of BAAM over FFF have been made in the following articles:

BAAM has been successfully applied to produce molds for horizontal axis wind turbines.

A second technique is Electronic Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM), which has been applied to manufacture large satellites:

Other important trends are: AI in 3D printing, 4D printing, soft robotics and self-healing materials.

Best regards,

AP

Search through chatgpt

yes am interested

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Dear Princy Sharon Please do well to recommend my answer if found helpful.

As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, polyglycolic acid (PGA) has indeed been explored and utilized as a support material in 3D printing, particularly in the field of additive manufacturing. PGA is a biodegradable polymer with properties that make it suitable for certain 3D printing applications.

Here are some reasons why PGA is considered for use in 3D printing:

1. **Biodegradability:** PGA is known for its biodegradable nature, which means it can be broken down by natural processes over time. This feature is advantageous for applications where the support material is intended to be removed after the printing process.

2. **Solubility in Selective Solvents:** PGA is soluble in certain solvents, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons. This solubility allows for the easy removal of support structures after 3D printing, leaving the main printed object intact.

3. **Compatibility with 3D Printing Processes:** PGA can be processed using various 3D printing technologies, including fused deposition modeling (FDM) and other extrusion-based methods.

It's important to note that the use of PGA for 3D printing, including as a support material, may have evolved since my last update. Researchers and companies in the 3D printing field are continually exploring new materials and refining existing ones to enhance the capabilities and versatility of additive manufacturing.

If you're specifically interested in the latest developments regarding PGA in 3D printing, I recommend checking recent scientific literature, industry publications, and updates from manufacturers or research institutions involved in 3D printing technology. Additionally, online databases, conferences, and journals related to materials science and additive manufacturing would be valuable resources for the most up-to-date information on PGA and its applications in 3D printing.

Yes the manufacturer of material is is very important to successful the procedure.

Dear Ali Akbar Khosravi please do well to recommend my answer if helpful

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a byproduct generated during the production of steel in electric arc furnaces. It contains various elements, including heavy metals, zinc, iron, and carbon. The recycling and repurposing of EAFD have gained attention as industries look for sustainable ways to manage and utilize industrial waste. Here's how EAFD powder might be considered in the context of 3D printing additives, construction, and pharmaceutical industries:

1. **3D Printing Additives:**

- **Metal Powder for Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM):** EAFD, being rich in metal content, can be processed into metal powders suitable for metal 3D printing techniques like powder bed fusion (PBF) or selective laser melting (SLM). The metal powders derived from EAFD can be used to manufacture metal components with specific material properties, making them suitable for applications in aerospace, automotive, or other industries that require high-performance metal parts.

- **Binder in 3D Printing Filaments:** EAFD may be incorporated as a filler or a functional component in thermoplastic or polymer-based 3D printing filaments. The dust can provide added strength, thermal conductivity, or other properties to the final printed object.

2. **Construction Industry:**

- **Cement and Concrete Production:** EAFD can be used as a raw material or additive in cement and concrete production. The heavy metal content in EAFD may act as a stabilizer, and its carbon content may contribute to the material's properties. However, it's crucial to carefully manage heavy metal concentrations to meet environmental and safety standards.

- **Brick Manufacturing:** EAFD might be considered in the production of bricks, contributing to the physical and mechanical properties of the bricks. Again, environmental and safety considerations are important, and regulatory compliance must be ensured.

3. **Pharmaceutical Industry:**

- **Metal Extraction for Pharmaceutical Use:** Certain metals present in EAFD may have pharmaceutical applications. If the dust is processed to extract specific metals, they could potentially be used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of medicines or medical devices.

- **Environmental and Safety Considerations:** Given that EAFD may contain heavy metals and other potentially hazardous materials, any application involving contact with humans or the environment, such as in the pharmaceutical industry, must adhere to strict safety and regulatory guidelines. Thorough testing and purification processes would be necessary to ensure the safety and compliance of the materials.

Before considering the use of EAFD in any application, it is crucial to conduct thorough testing, analysis, and compliance checks to ensure that the material meets the required standards and regulations for the specific industry. Collaboration with experts in materials science, environmental science, and regulatory compliance is recommended to address potential challenges and ensure the responsible use of EAFD in various applications.

Dear James K. McMahon Please do recommend my answer if found useful.

Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, refers to a set of technologies that build three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer. This approach stands in contrast to traditional subtractive manufacturing methods, where material is removed to create a final product. There are several additive manufacturing processes, each with its unique characteristics. Here's a discussion of some prominent additive manufacturing processes:

1. **Stereolithography (SLA):**

- SLA is one of the earliest 3D printing techniques. It uses a liquid photopolymer resin cured by ultraviolet (UV) light to build layers. A UV laser scans the resin surface, solidifying it layer by layer. SLA is known for producing high-resolution and detailed prints, making it suitable for prototyping and creating intricate models.

2. **Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM):**

- FDM is a widely used 3D printing method that employs a thermoplastic filament. The filament is heated and extruded through a nozzle, forming layers that solidify as they cool. FDM is popular for its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and applicability to a wide range of materials. It's commonly used for rapid prototyping and producing functional parts.

3. **Selective Laser Sintering (SLS):**

- SLS utilizes a powdered material (typically nylon, polyamide, or metal) that is selectively fused together by a laser. The build platform lowers, and a new layer of powder is spread before the laser sinters the next cross-section. SLS is known for its ability to produce strong, functional parts, and it supports a variety of materials.

4. **Selective Laser Melting (SLM):**

- SLM is a metal additive manufacturing process where a high-powered laser selectively melts and fuses metallic powder particles layer by layer. This process is particularly well-suited for producing complex metal parts with high strength and precision. It finds applications in aerospace, healthcare, and automotive industries.

5. **Electron Beam Melting (EBM):**

- EBM is similar to SLM but uses an electron beam instead of a laser to melt and fuse metal powder. The high energy of the electron beam allows for the processing of refractory metals like titanium. EBM is known for producing fully dense metal parts with good mechanical properties.

6. **Digital Light Processing (DLP):**

- DLP is a 3D printing technique that uses a digital light projector to cure a liquid resin layer by layer. It shares similarities with SLA but cures entire layers simultaneously. DLP is known for its speed in comparison to some other resin-based methods.

7. **Binder Jetting:**

- In binder jetting, a liquid binder is selectively deposited onto a powder bed, bonding the powder particles together to form each layer. The process is repeated until the entire object is created. Binder jetting is used for both metal and sand casting applications.

These additive manufacturing processes have revolutionized the manufacturing industry by enabling rapid prototyping, customization, and the production of complex geometries that might be challenging or impossible with traditional manufacturing methods. Each process has its advantages and limitations, and the choice depends on factors such as material requirements, part complexity, and intended application.

Thanks David A. Jones sir!!

Nekin Joshua, The relative density of honeycomb structures is typically estimated by dividing the area of the cell walls by the total area of a unit cell. This is illustrated in the research on the effect of honeycomb relative density on its in-plane properties, where the relative density is calculated based on the overlap areas of the cell walls within the honeycomb structure.

The most important metal powder characteristics to consider include: particle size, shape, density, porosity, surface area and also topography.

Particle Shape: Spherical particles are generally preferred as they pack together more efficiently than non-spherical particles for uniform powder bed density and a better quality final product.

Particle size: The particle size distribution of metal powder is essential to ensure there is uniform spread within the bed and the surface of the final product is not rough. Micromeritics Saturn DigiSizeMI can determine the particle size distribution by using a laser diode and a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector for high sensitivity, resolution and reproducibility of the particle size measurement.

Also this experiement here:

A photon–photon collider in a vacuum hohlraum

https://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2014.95

Hi, PLA is a terrible choice for this purpose. Can your printer work with some other material like ABS or PETG? PLA has a glass transition at around 60 °C, which means it will start to soften already at 50°C. These temperatures are easily reached on direct sun in hot climate. You must keep it cool. A reflective coating can help, but it will not solve the issue entirely.

Dear Zahra,

what makes you think it is not possible with SLA/PLD printers? Both tough and flex resins are readily available as commercial products, or you can design your own monomer mixture.

Our latest study, for instance, compares behavior of carbon fillers in tough (Young's modulus of 1.25 GPa without post-curing, marked as "aromatic") and flex (140 MPa, marked as "non-aromatic") resins.

The material is Graphy's Tera Harz material

Composition: Tera hard TC-80 is an LED curing polyurethane based resin suitable for 3D printing characterised by high tensile strength, high abrasion resistance and non toxicity

FDM would probably be the cheapest option. That being said if you are coming at it from a quality standpoint, You wont get better quality than resin printing. These machines do take more clean up but as something to go directly into the hands of a customer I think it would be a better bet for flexibles. Additionally, flexibles can be a bit easier and more reliable to print with resin printing machines. I'd look into DLP and SLA machines as well as FDM machines.

The maximum silicon (Si) content in aluminum-silicon (Al-Si) alloys can vary depending on the specific alloy composition and application. However, one of the commonly used Al-Si alloy series is the 3xx.x series, which typically contains silicon in the range of 1-20%. For example:

Higher silicon content can be found in specialized alloys, such as some of the 4xx.x series and 6xx.x series, which may contain silicon ranging from 4-20% or more.

Regarding the parting limit during dealloying or chemical leaching of Al-Si alloys, the extent of dealloying is influenced by various factors including the alloy composition, microstructure, processing conditions, and the specific dealloying method employed. There is no universally fixed "parting limit" as it depends on these aforementioned factors.

Dealloying involves selectively dissolving one component (often less noble) from an alloy leaving behind a porous structure enriched in the more noble component. During dealloying of Al-Si alloys, silicon is typically less noble than aluminum, so the silicon tends to dissolve more readily.

The extent of dealloying or the parting limit can vary based on the conditions of the dealloying process, the specific alloy composition, and the desired final structure. Detailed studies and experiments would be needed to determine the precise parting limit for a particular Al-Si alloy under specific dealloying conditions. It's important to consider the purpose of the dealloying and tailor the process to achieve the desired properties and structure in the remaining material after dealloying.

you could type "What material is used in dental 3D printing?" in google or google scholar for information to a wide array of materials used depending the desired result. for example teeth use different material than tissue regeneration.

Thank you very much for the response, Petr. I appreciate it.

Madison Feehan Please do recommend my message if it was helpful

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) are advanced additive manufacturing technologies used to create three-dimensional objects by selectively melting or sintering layers of material powder. These technologies have applications not only on Earth but also in space. In-space manufacturing using SLM and SLS is gaining attention due to its potential to support long-duration space missions, colonization of other planets, and sustainability in space. Here are some of the technologies being enabled for SLM/SLS manufacturing in-space:

In-space SLM/SLS manufacturing has the potential to revolutionize space exploration by reducing the need to transport all equipment and spare parts from Earth. These technologies are still in development and will continue to evolve as space exploration efforts expand.

The study of 3D printing in construction may encompasses a wide range of areas, such as:

· The development of sustainable and high-performance materials for structural purposes.

· The optimization of printing processes to enhance speed and quality.

· Experimentation with innovative design techniques and optimization methods.

· The integration of building systems such as: mechanical, electrical and plumbing.

· The use of automation and robotics to enhance productivity and safety.

· The assessment of the environmental impact of the lifecycle of structures, standardization and regulation of 3d printing.

· Analysis of the cost and economic feasibility, case studies of real-world examples, and

· Exploration of social and cultural implications such as workforce impact and ethical considerations.

Hello,

You can check the following link:

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Stereolithography (SLA) are two different 3D printing technologies, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. The choice between FDM and SLA depends on the specific needs and requirements of a particular project. Here are some reasons why you might choose FDM over SLA:

However, it's important to note that SLA has its own advantages, such as higher resolution and finer detail capabilities, which make it a better choice for applications like jewelry design, dental models, and intricate miniatures. Additionally, SLA can produce smoother surface finishes in some cases.

Ultimately, the choice between FDM and SLA should be based on the specific requirements of your project, including material properties, print size, cost constraints, and desired surface finish. Many 3D printing enthusiasts and professionals use both technologies in their work to take advantage of their respective strengths.

Mohsen Samimi

Thank you for the help. I have looked into the electrospray method but I thought it does not allow for exact control of bead size and therefore leads to a large difference in bead size.

Best wishes,

Abdullah

In Binder Jet 3D Printing (BJP), cobalt-based alloys are often combined with a specific type of binder material to create the printed parts. The binder serves as the adhesive that binds the metal powder particles together to form the green part, which is a fragile, porous, and non-sintered 3D printed object. After printing, the green part undergoes post-processing steps, including debinding and sintering, to achieve the final dense metal part.

For cobalt-based alloys in Binder Jet 3D Printing, the common binders used are:

The choice of binder depends on various factors, including the specific cobalt-based alloy used, the 3D printing equipment, the required part properties, and the intended post-processing methods. Different binders may have distinct effects on the green part's mechanical properties, dimensional accuracy, and ease of debinding.

After the printing process, the green part is subjected to a debinding process, where the majority of the binder is removed to create a porous structure. The final step is sintering, where the part is heated to high temperatures to fuse the metal particles together, resulting in a fully dense and functional metal component.

It's important to note that different 3D printing systems and material formulations may use variations of binders to achieve optimal results for cobalt-based alloy parts. Always follow the manufacturer's guidelines and recommended materials for your specific Binder Jet 3D Printing system and application.

Joachim Günther, for example, it could be a convencional 3D filament with shape memory alloy.

In binder jet 3D printing, the choice of binder is very crucial. It is a complex problem that depends on various factors like the powder's material, the final part's required properties, post-processing steps, and safety and environmental considerations.

For metallic powders such as copper alloys, typically, the binders used are based on acrylic or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) materials. These are often preferred due to their good binding properties and relatively easy burnout during the post-processing phase.

Here are a few types of binders you could consider:

While these binders can provide good binding for copper alloy powders, it's important to note that the choice of binder is only one aspect of the process. The binder content, printing parameters, and post-processing steps (like debinding and sintering) all play a significant role in determining the density and mechanical properties of the final part. Therefore, optimising all these parameters for your specific application may take some trial and error.

Also, remember always to consider safety and environmental impacts when choosing a binder. Many binders can release harmful gases during burnout, so proper ventilation and safety measures are important.

Finally, it's also beneficial to consult with binder manufacturers or experts in binder jetting, as they may be able to provide more specific recommendations based on their experience and your particular needs.

yes

The swelling ratio is calculated from the water content, so it is more or less the same thing expressed in two different ways. However, remember that many biomedical applications use a physiological solution rather than pure water, so the ionic exchange can alter the swelling ratio of your hydrogel. Therefore, all stability tests shall be done in relevant conditions.

There is no absolutely identical powder before grinding, therefore there is no absolutely identical slurry after grinding. For this reason, the amount of water must always be adjusted to the specific case. The basis for adjusting the amount of water is the rheology (viscosity of the slurry). You cannot weigh the water before grinding and be sure that the rheology is correct afterwards, because many factors can play a role. Adjusting the amount of water is essential not only in the laboratory but also in industrial production.

By the way, if you grind it in a plastic container, you get a significant amount of scrap plastic in your slurry, which can massively affect rheology.

The relationship between 3D printing and quality costs is influenced by several factors. The initial investment in a 3D printer can impact quality costs, as higher-quality printers tend to offer better precision and reliability. Material costs also play a role, as higher-quality materials can lead to better prints but may be more expensive. Design optimization in 3D printing can help improve quality and reduce costs by eliminating unnecessary steps and reducing material usage. Addressing quality issues early in the design phase can reduce rework and scrap costs. Proper maintenance and calibration are crucial to achieve consistent quality and avoid additional costs. Post-processing requirements can also impact quality costs, as additional labor, equipment, and materials may be needed. The specific application, industry, and context are important considerations when analyzing the relationship between 3D printing and quality costs.

Dear all, following links for interesting literature supports. My Regards

10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.001

Nekin Joshua This is a very important question that comes to our mind whenever we start to procure the raw filament for FDM-related experiments. I was also in the same situation trying to find out, a few years before.

Answer:

Yes, the colour of the 3D printing filament does affect various material properties including mechanical strength. The common colourants used in the filaments can be pigments, dyes, masterbatches, or pearlescent powders. In FDM 3D printing, where various colours of filament are used, it is possible that some of the colouring agents present in the filaments may also act as nucleating agents, thus, influencing the crystallization rate of the material being printed. The modified crystallization rate can result in variations in stiffness, strength, and other mechanical characteristics. Therefore, the impact of colouring agents on crystallization rate and mechanical strength can vary depending on the specific material and colouring agents used. Colourant additives in FDM filaments can also play a role in the gap size or the flow characteristics of the material during the printing process, thus showing different properties for different coloured filaments. Therefore, it is important to consider the composition of the raw filaments and conduct appropriate testing and analysis to assess the effects on material properties when using colored filaments in FDM 3D printing. For better results, consider the pure form of genuine pallets (Free from colourant) and create your own filaments to be used for experiments.

One of the important literature considering PLA and its various colours impacting the material properties is :

Currenty, I am finishing a PhD on FGF, with initeresting results.

Please see our Results, all published in peer-reviewed jourals:

10.3390/polym13183160

DOI: 10.1016/j.cirpj.2022.11.020

Best regards,

AP

Dear Nekin,

Nice question, I believe that it will be difficult to find a well-supported answer!

Hereinafter there are only few considerations from my part.

a) The price of 3D printing composite filaments is determined by a multitude of factors (nature of polymer matrix, fillers, reinforcements, additives, capacity of production, and so on).

b) Traditionally, the twin-screw extruders (TSE ) can be successfully used to produce various composites by melt-compounding, of good quality and with high throughput, which can be proposed for 3D applications.

c) Unfortunately, TSE are less adapted for the direct production of 3D filaments of high quality, even that there are few suppliers that can propose this kind of equipment for one step production, designed mostly for academic research/low-capacity production (e.g., Lestritz, ThermoFischer, etc.). Maybe other RG collegues can help more with information...

d)Please take a look :

Thermo Scientific Process 11 Lab-scale 3D Filament Production System

e) For the production in big quantities of 3D filaments it’s generally agreed that the production in two steps (1. fabrication of composites with TSE; 2. the extrusion of 3D filaments, e;g., using a single screw extruder) has a large number of advantages. I will refrain from more comments...

f) Function of requirements/ your application (type of composite), I suggest you use as starting point the price of 3D filaments/composites that look similar/satisfy your needs, and which are already commercialized in the market!

Success in your R&D project and best regards,

Marius

Shohin Aheleroff Yes, 3D printing/additive manufacturing is a great technology for producing personalized products at scale. With 3D printing, it is possible to create unique and customized products without incurring significant additional costs. This technology also enables on-demand production, reducing the need for inventory and allowing for faster product delivery times.

Moreover, 3D printing can be used to produce complex shapes and structures that are difficult or impossible to manufacture using traditional manufacturing techniques. This can be especially useful for medical implants, jewelry, and other products that require a high level of customization.

However, it is important to note that 3D printing has its limitations in terms of materials, size, and production speed. It is also not suitable for mass production of certain types of products. Nonetheless, as the technology continues to improve and new materials become available, 3D printing is expected to play an increasingly important role in the production of personalized products at scale.

For a somewhat related discussion, see: https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_can_I_avoid_the_formation_of_air_bubbles_when_hydrogels_are_made_by_gamma_irradiation_technique

Form labs is one company that offers a variety of SLA 3D printer

You can follow this article to get idea on various SLA 3D printer (proprietary names) and their applications in pharmaceuticals.

FDM 3D printing materials are ABS, PLA, and their various blends. More advanced FDM printers can also print with other specialized materials that offer properties like higher heat resistance, impact resistance, chemical resistance, and rigidity

Below is a table (generated by chatGPT) showing the Specific Energy Absorption, Strength, and Stiffness for each of the materials you listed.

Note: The specific energy absorption, strength, and stiffness values given above are typical values and may vary slightly depending on the manufacturing process, dimensions, and specific type of material.

try designing a gear reduction gearbox, you will need at least 2 gears to prove your point, 3 for the gears to last longer to be inspected, 4 or more for long term...I think you get it.

Hello.

There are several journals and books that may be helpful for your research on the optimization of process parameters and geometry of molds for plastic injection molding using 3D printed molds. Some journals that cover topics related to plastic injection molding and 3D printing include:

As for books, there are many books that are focused on plastic injection molding, but some that have specific information about simulation and optimization of the process include:

These resources should provide you with a good starting point for your research, but it's important to keep in mind that the field is rapidly evolving and new papers/publications on this topic can be published frequently.

Regards.

Hello Sahar Halevi ,

https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/567-7600?cid=7010z000001DAtV

https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/materials/advanced-3d-printer-filament-strands/

Ultem is a material that can be printed by some FDM machines, however these are typically classed as high temperature FDM machines. The main differences being they have a heated chamber, heated build platform and increased nozzle temperature range.

It can be printed however not all standard FDM machines will have the capability required.

There are several biomimetic structures that are known for their energy absorbing properties and potential use in armor applications. Some structures that you may want to consider include:

To answer your question, the specific biomimetic structure that is most suitable for use in armor applications will depend on the specific requirements of the application (where and how will it be used specifically?) and the properties that are most important, such as energy absorption, toughness, and weight. I recommend conducting further research and analysis to determine which structure is the best fit for your specific needs.

Hi Kevin,

I have the same problem. Could you please let me know the concentrations that should be added for dissolving the photoinitiator?

Thank you so much in advance,

Mahmood

Hello Evgeniy Andreevich Zayats,

Selecting the right 3D printing technique for specific requirement depends on following things:

1. What size of product you want to print ?

2. What are the aesthetic & dimensional accuracy requirements ?

3. What is the product end use ?

4. How frequently you want to make product ?

SLA will give you more accurate & precise results with better finish. However, operating SLA is a tedious task as you have to handle the liquid. For which you will require Nitrile gloves, safety goggles, print washing liquid (i.e. IPA -Isopropyl alcohol) , cleaning containers, UV light source for post curing. So more money will go in the consumables. Also resin will spread some type of odour in your working area. Yes, in SLA support removal is easier but at the same time the print can break due to brittle nature of the resin.

FDM is easy to handle and more user friendly machine. You just have to buy filaments (i.e.PLA or ABS) & no other addition thing required. However, The accuracy & precision of FDM is low compared to SLA and layer lines will be visible to your product. You can make bigger product using this by cutting your protein model into pieces and print it on maximum size. After printing you can join the pieces with Cyanoacrylate adhesive & make your final big product.

If you have to make only few models then go for outsourcing services of SLS or HP multijet option (coloured object is also possible). It will give you the best output, but it will be costly.

Dear Serge V. Shil’ko

Thank you. My objective is that the monolithic composites are based on the fact, that interaction and bonding between different materials may show various properties, in this case, lower mechanical properties rather than modern technologies such as additive manufacturing.

You can use some thermoplastic elastomers e.g soft PLA and also the cellulosic materials for 3D printing

Dear Amir Hamza Khan ,

Despite all their advantages, load-bearing concrete shell structures with double curvatures are not frequently in use. The main reason is the complexity of their construction.

Regards,

Shafagat

An excellent starting point is the online database put together by W.R. Leal da Silva

Dear Sam Choppala,

Regarding your first que