19th Century - Science topic

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Martin Eden's character is multidimensional, demonstrating existential and intellectual depth. His soul is heavy with fragments of shattered dreams, carrying the terrible bitterness of disillusionment. His ungrounded ideals, unable to stand the test of reality, are lost in a world where materialism is preferred over substance and money is valued over eternal principles. Martin Eden's death can be interpreted in both literal and metaphorical ways. In the context of metaphor, his death symbolizes the incompatibility between ideals and harsh reality, as well as between moral and spiritual values and materialistic priorities. With his existential quest, emotional, and psychological complexities, Martin Eden's character holds a lasting place in American literature.

This is not what the next century will be taught.

It will be taught that that the past century lost its ways by grounding Quantum mechanics on an error in numerical calculation, that it failed in numerically verifying the identity between the electrostatic force and the gravitational force, and failed by numerically verifying that the repulsive electrostatic force between same sign elementary charged particles cannot even reach as far as 1 millimeter between same sign charged elementary particles:

Is above a somewhat spiritual (or even religious) motivated answer - or do you have any hard mathematical facts what all if the above actually means in one everyday lab situations live?

Qualquer mudança no começo assusta. Mas podemos levar em consideração os conhecimentos que o nosso alunado trás de sua vida cotidiana. Introduzimos um tema, uma pergunta e deixamos eles exporem suas ideias a respeito desse assunto. Escutamos , participamos das discussões com eles e depois mostramos o que a teoria cientifica vigente diz a respeito do referido assunto. Esse tema normalmente dura umas 4 h/a mas tem que ser bem direcionado pelo professor senão perde o foco , o sentido.

Welcome, we will be in touch

Hello Sabina Baraniewicz,

I read a few sections of the book, 'Wellington Webb: The Man, the Mayor, and the Making of Modern Denver: an Autobiography' and found the following:

"Wellington Webb's declaration that 'the twenty-first century

will be the Century of Cities' has resounded across the country and

the world; from the statehouse to the White House. from London to

Paris, and Beijing to Dakar," read a resolution adopted by the U.S.

Conference of Mayors in June 2000. [pp. 338]

Hope this might be helpful for you.

Dear Michael,

Bhutan is a very interesting country. It's gorgeous and lush. But is it really a land of happiness? Because it is seen that the people are poor. Say what?

Best regards

Ramazan Bicer

I think it is other way around. Causes of violence are deep rooted in the American society and politicians only air those causes to get support and vote. Thanks!

Have you followed all the suggestions at the bottom of the wiki article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Bishop

Diana Ambache

Agree with @Singh Shivakumar .

The main emphasis in Public Health in the 19th century was in combatting the outbreaks of infectious disease, and this resulted in a great increase in life expectancy AT BIRTH. Today, the main challenge is degenerative disease, and, since the 1970s, there have been significant reductions in the mortality rates from cardiovascular disease. Even so, life expectancy at more advanced ages has not dramatically risen.

Some years ago, I remember attending a talk given to the Institution of Ship-builders and Engineers of Scotland by Prof Harry Burns, who at the time was the Chief Medical Officer in Scotland. He was saying that, in the C19th, it was the engineers who designed and built gigantic structures like reservoirs, pipelines, water treatment and sewage works, whereas now, they were involved in the design much smaller things, such as artificial joints and sophisticated instruments.

Bw

If you look at JSTOR a simple search can be filtered by date, so from 1991 to 2010 a search of 'Chernyshevsky revolution' yields 190 results, while from 1971 to 1990 it yields 329. If really interested in the question you would want to examine the material qualitatively in more detail but that suggests that academic interest has lessened. At first glance this looks a little faster than might be accounted for simply by decreasing relevance due to the passage of time, so perhaps there has been a re-evaluation in some subfield.

Dear Dennis,

Researching the subject from Macau gives you two clues: (a) all newspapers, bulletin, books, including Bibles and other religious materials, were imported from Manila since at least 1720; (b) there was production of paper in the Philippines and it was a monopoly of the Tabacco Committee (Junta de Tabaco) since 1789.

Researching the French travelers in the Pacific that crossed Macao during the period that you are studying gives you this: La Pérouse expedition carried from France large quantities of paper from different colors and shapes, and bought paper in Manila in April 1787 prior to seafaring to the Pacific, Australia, and then disappeared in Vanikoro; Etienne Marchand world voyage, published in 1797, only refers paper loaded in the departure from France; no clues in the other French voyages to the Pacific.

Hi Charles, I visited Switzerland twice for 1-month and 6-month internships. Nice country. Yeah, Switzerland's industrialization should be a nice research topic, but I wonder about your period of study. Do previous studies consider 1890-1913 as a period of insustrialization in Switzerland? Do you have quarterly or monthly data for running the VAR model? For how many Swiss industries do you have the gross added value? Of course (since Einstein's job in Switzerland), do you have the time series of Swiss patents for that period? By industry or broken by type of patents? Considering the empirical section of your study, (if you only have annual data) I would strongly recomend to add the 40 or 50 years after the period of study because a plain VAR model is not good for small samples of data (a Vector Error Correction -VEC- model should work better for such data, instead). But there is another reason explaining the cold reaction of the reviewers: a VAR model is not quite useful for discovering the industrialization determinants since it is an "atheoretical" statistical model: you may need a "Structural VAR" (aka SVAR model) or better a Structural VEC (SVEC) model. Then you will be able (abstracting from the data frequency I already mentioned) to propose a theoretical structure (meaning, useful research estimated parameters) to discuss following your hypotheses. Those hypotheses should come from the previous section, the core section, which is the "theoretical" section. Such a section should consider at least the hypothesis you can select from reading many studies about economic history of Switzerland BUT also review some growth models, like the classic ones usually reviewed in macroeconomics' textbooks (Solow model, etc.) and other more recent ones like Romer's model (which consider the idea of Research & Development (please remember my idea about patents). For discovering those models, Romer's book for graduate students is the best. Finally, allow me a personal comment: I do like reading about economic history because it is a great companion for macroeconomic economists. It is such a down-to-Earth topic !

IMF monthly coal (Australia) prices start in 1990. Their data are curated. If you are interested in recent data, you could also look at futures markets which would provide you with high frequency data of, likely, a few years.

In my eyes you make four major mistakes: 1. The romantics were not at all the "first" feminists. There have been thinkers long before romanticism, who pleaded for equal rights of women and men; the idea of equal rights of both sexes is said to be expressed by Averroes (Ibn Rushd) for the first time in Europe. In China, the most prominent political claim of emancipation was the takeover of power by Wu Zetian. When you are talking about modernity only, you should consider Olympe de Gouges as a crucial figure of feminist history. 2. You are confusing novels, that deal with female protagonists, like Flauberts masterpiece Madame Bovary with a feminist struggle. Flaubert clearly was a sexist. Hugos Notre Dame doesn't deal with feminism at all. 3. You are confusing being a woman and a writer with being a feminist: There are a lot of anti-feminists among female writers. 4. Feminist critics do know all this. There's no vacuum in knowledge.

There is a view that if mathematical categories are kinds of mathematical structure, then what is important mathematically are the functors from one category to another, because they provide a means of find a neat way of discovering a new property in a category by translating proofs in another category. This is a way of formalising reasoning by "analogy". Personally I find reasoning about categories as abstract algebras difficult and unintuitive, and find it much easier to look at a concrete realisation of a category than considering a category with a list of pre-defined desirable properties; but I recognise that that is a matter of learning preferences.

Romance Literature predates Romanticism- the latter is a late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century aesthetic and political break from the values of the Enlightenment- the primacy of reason, science and empiricism. Romanticism prioritizes emotion and feeling ('sentiment'), advocates an introspective return to Nature (not as an external fact but a state of being) and takes issue with the social and psychic ramifications of the Industrial Revolution- the quantification and commodification of culture, the rise of utilitarianism and a disassociation between thought and feeling. Romance is a medieval mode of writing focused on adventurous conquests of chivalrous heroes, damsels and distress and entrapments of the supernatural (think about King Arthur and the Round Table, as a representative example).

I think the apparition of Fatima are of 1917, in midst of I War Mondial. Portuguese Republicl was belligerant in the ranks of the Entente ("Allies"), but all the Portuguese dont agree with envoying soldiers to dye in France, laicist nation.

Thank you, Mátyás! I don't think it answers the question exactly (the earliest reference seems to be to the 19th century panoramas) but it seems a very interesting reference which I will certainly look into.

You put two questions in one; you are asking about creativity and the effects of nanotechnology and computer technology on the architectural products.

Hadid was a great and creative architect; no doubt about that.

Nanotechnology and computer technology have effects on the design processes, the way of thinking and realizing, and the way of living.

A good author to begin with:

Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

Jacobs discusses the idea of a "garden city" championed by Ebenezar Howard in the 19th-Century.

Dear Gerlad,

Please try to find an old book by Eugene Tarle "Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia 1812", Oxford University Press, 1942, 1971 -- the author was one of the best experts on that period working in French and other archives and the references of that book should have something about public opinion, including newspapers, pamphlets, proclamations, publicly revealed personal letters etc.

Kind regards,

Igor Gurkov

Would we then talk about procents or fraction of that? And what about plant breeding - has that again increased the carbohydrate/energy content - so that the overall development would be more or less zero?

Any sources would also be highly appreciated!

Dear Marc ~

When I think of the mathematics of “classical” physics (hydrodynamics, properties of materials, Maxwell’s electromagnetism, Einstein’s gravitational theory, etc) I see that it is predominantly based on the concept of continuity. Space and time are thought of as continuous variables and physical phenomena are desribed by continuous “fields”. The appropriate mathematical tools are differential equations. “Discreteness” rather than continuity entered physics with Planck’s “quantum” concept, which led to the “non-classical” physics of quantum theory. By analogy, I would identify “classical” mathematics as the mathematics of continuity; "non-classical" mathematics would then be the mathematical study of discrete structures. But those branches of mathematics already exist, so I admit to being rather puzzled by the question "Where is the 'non-classical mathematics'?"

Technically, an embassy is not part of the country it resides in but part of the country it represents. If the represented country pays but lip-service to human rights and laws aganst slavery, the slave-keepers give indeed an accurate representation of their home nation.

Taking steps against such behaviour would require Australia's Department of Foreign Relations to declare people like Pakistan's High Comissioner to Australia or an attaché to the Saudi Arabian Embassy "persona non grata" - which is a very strong measure in diplomacy and very likely to cause repercussions from the country that person represents, as diplomatic personnel usually hails from influential families who will act to get even for the loss of face they suffer back home.

Dear Jana,

Farid seemed to have his own agenda and certainly found it difficut to understand the nature of historical enquiry, which I confronted him over . He became abusive and deleted his comments, which for this question were largely unsuitable.

I think European institutions and Orientalists mostly relied on medieval systems of Islamic thought, especially that of Ibn Taymiyyah.

Thank you very much. It is a rich article

Dear Yue Teng,

Have your checked the United Nations Statistics Division (see the enclosed pdf)?

All the best,

Monica

Mr. Owen:

             Thanks for the page you attached; didn't know that he might have been an stage actor as well.

Norman,

Some ideas from a emerging economy perspective :

Please appreciate that the projected coordinate system of cadastral maps in generally differ from those of topographic maps, Transformation algorithms between the two are often not contained in standard GIS software, but available (at a price) at national survey organisations (e.g. Italy; Denmark).

HELO,

YOU CAN LOOK UP SIBTHROPE BECKETT. HE DID A LOT OF THE FOUNDATIONAL WORK IN MUSIC IN JAMAICA founding several orchestral and  operatic groups. The Jamaica Journal did a feature on him. There was also an opera written by a Jamaican in the 30's I believe. You can also look up the work of Dr Olive Lewin. 

BECKETT, Sibthorpe Leopold, O.D., J.P.; Retired Civil Servant, Musician. Founder, Permanent Resident Conductor, Director of Music, Jamaica Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra since 1940; Founder and Director of Music “Y” Choral Group since 1943; 

Hi,

Try "Orientalism" from Edward Said for an anthropological and historical point of view (if you don't know it yet).

Kindly, 

Lara

bonjour, 

vous pouvez sans doute demander à Nicola Melis,  Universita' di Cagliari.

bon courage

I cannot answer your technical question about the bassoon, but insofar as Arne's music becoming more popular, I think that was consequent upon a tiredness of Italian music and the related theatrical changes e.g. as portrayed in Hogarth's The Enraged Musician. I recently added a new analysis of that print to my website at http://tobiassmollett.blogspot.co.nz/2015/01/william-hogarth-and-enraged-musician.html which discusses Arne and the London theatre, and it may be of interest?

Much interested in following the results of your research !

Very kind of you, Magdalena. I will perhaps come back with more specific questions later.

Dear Tomás,

To find out whether a book has received a deep reading, determine what are its main ideas and whether these ideas pass into subsequent books and articles on the history of Spain.  Even if these subsequent works do not explicitly mention Morayta, if they use his wording, you have evidence of  a deep reading. Did the "Historia general" generate any book reviews in cultural periodicals?  Are those reviews deep?

As the author of a number of books, I always wonder whether their buyers read them deeply. I can determine depth of reading from book reviews and from remarks in subsequent books on the same authors as the ones I analyze.

"El Periquillo Sarniento" by Fdez, de Lisardi (1816), is the first Spanish-American novel, and a picaresque one at that, written before Mexico´s independence from Spain. .

"El doctor Centeno" by Benito Pérez Galdós, while not narrated in the first person, does contain much lively, direct dialogue. The main character, a boy who seeks his fortune (by trying, in this case to study medicine) but really does not succeed, passes from one scenario to another, each having to a degree a satirical aspect.

Interestingly enough, the picaresque novel was cultivated in Victorian Anglo-America by Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain): see "Tom Sawyer," "Huckleberry Finn," and others. Whether he was influenced by "Lazarillo" I do not know. I do know he read and loved "Don Quixote," with its picaresque elements (since Cervantes´s masterpiece makes a new synthesis of the picaresque with the chivalric novel).