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I understand that the Carmelites followed the Jerusalem Rite of the Holy Sepulchre at this time. I have been consulting a 1575 edition printed in Lyon, France, but am not sure if this would have been available in Castilla.

I'm teaching this part of the first crusade but I want to know why there were two faces of the Europeans about morality, religion and human sense.

In medieval manuscripts (XV century and earlier), are there any examples where "milch" (= German "milk") would be consistently spelled as "mich" (the letter "L" omitted)?

Occurrences of composite words such as "geismilch", "mandelmilch" etc. omitting the letter "L" in "-milch" are of particular interest.

Thanks in advance!

Metamorphoses book 13 and 14

In World Literature, my students read "The Romance of Antar" and loved it. I plan to use it as a standard heroic text, but I'd like to know more about Antar ibn Shaddad and the poems. The definitive translation is from the 1880s (retains the poetry) and there seems to be a lot of legend mixed with known facts about Antar, the Poems.

Aysha Bey (UAB)

Can anyone point me towards studies on Christian missionary activity in the Persian Gulf in the 19th century? I am especially interested in written Arabic literature that was circulated in the effort to convert Muslims and/or written responses in Arabic to those polemics. I am especially interested in an polemic aimed at Muslims called Miftāḥal-Khazā’in wa-Miṣbāḥal-Dafā’in and a Muslim response that carries the title Thamarāt Lubb al-Albāb.

We are looking for examples in Western Europe

Any books, examples or ideas would be helpful to me. I'm also interested in how vassalage relationships between Christians and Muslims changed if the Muslims converted.

I came across an expression, probably a slur expression, that analogizes uselessness as 'negro's speech in Arabic.

Having no knowledge about it, and very little knowledge about how Arabs viewed the Arabic spoken by Africans, I wonder if someone could assist e on that.

Thanks in advance,

J

I am particularly interested in those written in the first two centuries AH.