Discover the world's scientific knowledge

Is there any theory for corporate zakat can increase company performance?

When company pay zakat , then the performance will increase. thanks

I agree with my friend's opinion. Since laws embody the will of the dominant class even in a democratic society, they can not provide genuine equality. So is anyone can offer me arguments that for or against the opinon?

I read somewhere that Ulema in British India agreed to Shafei provision of Khula which was not granted under Hanafi Law because Muslim women had started converting to Christianity to seek divorce. Does anyone know any source providing more information and evidence on this?

with particular emphasis on how the idea of the "obligation to migrate was understood in the nineteenth century across the Islamic world.

I know of many great Marxist criminologists but no legal scholars working on criminal law from an explicitly Marxist perspective. I am interested in Marxist theoretical analysis of the form & content of criminal law.

Thanks!!

The realization of the budgets to be viabilize torts vary by event type harmful as the active subject that provokes so. A manager of a company that civil liability should take? A commercial company may sue for damages caused by mismanagement of the agency?

Dear Colleagues, 

What to do you think, in case of future possibility of creating artificial intelligence which will be like ours, where will be the edge (in a legal point of view) between human being and the robot with artificial intellect?

Dear all,

On 30 September 2010 the Ukrainian Constitutional Court ruled upon the unconstitutionality of the Constitutional amendments made by Yushchenko. Whereas there are several comments available in Ukrainian (which I understand), I do not find any discussions upon the topic in any other language (as they might reflect a different point of view), apart from the statement of the Venice Commission (http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2010/CDL-AD%282010%29044-e.pdf).

I searched Google Scholar and all I find are translated newspaper articles (i.e. the ones by ME Sharpe).

As I am updating an article from 2009, such articles would be very helpful!

Thank you in advance!

JF Stephen once remarked that the degree of moral loathing of the offence of murder is a reflection of the fact that murderers are hanged for the offence. That reflection has interesting implications for jurisdictions which abandon mandatory penalties for murder.

In Belgium, a citizen can sue on behalf of the municipality he lives in and the municipal government (mayor and aldermen, those who normally decide over starting a suit or not) cannot prevent the individual of suing on behalf of the municpality.

It resembles the qui tam procedure known in the U.S.A. When the suit is lost, the suing individual must pay, when he wins, the gains from the suit flow to the municipality.

In Belgium it's mostly used in environmental lawsuits (non-pecuniary injunctions) because those suits can only be started by the municipality and not an individual.

Similar procedures existed until 1966 in the Netherlands and still exist in France and Luxembourg, apparently all three modeled after the Belgian example (law of 1836).

In France and Luxembourg however, the indivudual needs the approval of his action by the administrative court (France) or the national government (Luxembourg).

Primary legal sources:

- Belgium: Loi communale / Gemeentewet, art. 271 (1988 version, still valid in the Brussels region, originally art. 150 of the 1836 law)

- Flanders: Gemeentedecreet, art. 194

- Wallonia: Code de la démocratie locale et de la décentralisation, art. L1242-2

- France: Code général des Collectivités Territoriales, art. L 2132-5 (originally art. 49.3 of the 1837 law)

- Luxembourg: Loi communale, art. 85 (originally art. 107 of the 1843 law)

- Netherlands: Gemeentewet, art. 143.3 in original 1851 version, art. 177.3 in 1966 when abolished