正浩 稲垣’s scientific contributions

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of the invention of new materials upon the history of ball games, espesially of billiard and table tennis. It is clear that the invention of new materials has brought about new possibilities for existing sports. But it is scarcely known that sports themselves accelerated the invention of new materials. In the history of chemical industry it is well known that celluloid, the world's first commercial synthetic plastic, was devised as a substitute for ivory billiard balls. In order to confirm this fact from the aspect of sport history, first I discussed merits and demerits of ivory balls in playing billiard. Secondly I searched for the processes how celluloid balls were used for other purposes;ping pong or table tennis. Ping pong caused a great sensation among all classes soon. I emphasized that the new material, celluloid, played a very important role in the development of modern table tennis. Indeed, celluloid balls are still used in playing table tennis, though celluloid billiard balls have replaced by other plastics. I suggested that how the modern history of sports has been rapidly changing under the development of new materials of balls.

Das Anhegen der Sporterziehung geht aus der bisherigen Jugenderziehung in die Volkserziehung über, damit wir müssen wieder selbst über die Sporterziehung nachdenken. In dieser vorliegenden Arbeit sind die Richtungen und die Aufgaben der Sporterziehung in Europa zu erklären. Zuerst in der folgenden Hinsichten werden die Richtungen der Sporterziehung in Europa untersucht. 1) BRD. : Der goldene Plan (1960) und dessen geschichtliche Hintergrund und die daraus sich entwickelte Richtlinie im Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. 2) RSFSR. : Man fängt, nicht nur den Spitzensport, sondern auch den Breitensport bzw. den Sport für die Gesundheit zu betonen, an. 3) DDR. :"Rechte und Pflichten im Bezug auf die Sport" im Gesetzestext der Verfassung (1968) und die Beziehung zwischen der Elitenerziehung und der Sport. 4) Österreich : Der Versuch der Sporterziehung auf der Basis des natürlichen Turnens. 5) Schweden : Statt dem Terminus “gymnastik" wird der Terminus “idrott" aufgenommen. Nun in der folgenden Hinsichten werden die Aufgaben der Sporterziehung in Europa untersucht. 1) Die Aufgaben im Übergang aus der Leibeserziehung, 2) Die neue Gestaltung des Begriffs "Sport", 3) Die Orientierung zur sportlichen Selbständigkeit, 4) Die gesamtwissenschaftliche Forschungen des Sports. Durch diese Arbeit sind die verschiedene Typen der Sporterziehung in Europa gezeigt.; der “marxistischel” Weg in RSFSR, DDR. (die sozialistische Sporterziehung), die Sporterziehung als die Vorbereitung für den Lifetime-Sport in BRD., die Sporterziehung, die die eigene Tradition und Kultur einschätzt, in Schweden und Österreich. Wenn auch es unmöglich ist, die Theorie zu gestalten, die diese alle Typen der Sporterziehung umfassen kann, ist es notwendig, aus ihrer gemeinsamen Faktoren die theoretisch einheitliche Struktur herauszuarbeiten. Schliesslich wird es darauf hingewiesen, dass während die gegenwärtige Sports schnell sich verändert, doch die Forschungen und die Erziehung des Sports ihr nachsteht. Vor allem die Methode für die international vergleichenden Forschung der Sporterziehung muss dringend festgestellt werden.

The change of the name of the field from "Leibeserziehung" (physical education) to "Sportwissenschaft" (sport science) or "Sportunterricht" (sport instruction) in West Germany has had a great influence on our field in Japan. The discussion of the propriety of sport education has been actively done in our journals, and a book titled "sport education" was already published (1978). In 1981, the Japanese Society of Sport Pedagogy was established. Nowadays, we can recognized the word "sport education" as a technical term in Japan. However, the reason is still not made clear in our field why the word physical education have to be denied and why the word sport education should be used. Also, what are the basic characteristics of sport education is obscure. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the rationale to use the word sport education, and to present a tentative theory on the basic characteristics of sport education. The main contents discussed in this paper are as follows. The reasons why the word sport education is to be used instead of physical education are found in two aspects. The first is the problems of the word physical education, which are (1) implication of dichotomy with the word physical education, and (2) development of physical education as a discipline. The second is the validity of the word sport education which are made from (1) enlargement of the concept "sport", (2) expansion of "sportdemand" of people with the social changes, and (3) necessity to combine our subject matter at school with life-time sports or community sports. The basic cllaracteristics of sport education are considered from three viewpoints. (1) Consideration of intrinsic value of sports・・・Here, sport education is conceptualized as "Education in Sport". (2) Consideration of the function of sport activities・・・Here, the functions of sport, which have a lot of the extrinsic values, are analyzed, and it is conceptualized as "Education through Sport". 3) Consideration of the knowleges of sport・・・Here, it is conceptualized as "Education about Sport". Especially, emphasized here is "Education in Sport" as a unique characteristic of sport education.