Zurisha Rani’s research while affiliated with University of Agriculture Faisalabad and other places

Poultry is among the most efficient sectors providing nutrition in the world. It is now a main source of protein for the increasing population. Poultry eggs and meat provide a wide range of micronutrients and macronutrients including proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. It provides not only nutrition to us, but it also threatens the population because of the vast use of drugs in poultry production. Different types of drugs are used for the treatment or prevention of diseases, but some farmers use them inappropriately, which leads to antimicrobial resistance and issues of drug residues. Antibiotics, including quinolones/fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, macrolide, polymyxins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines are used for treatment and prevention and are also growth promoters. Penicillin is most important because numerous people show allergic reactions to it. Different anthelmintics, anticoccidials, and antivirals are also used in the poultry industry. Some drugs produce carcinogenic metabolites. Drugs should be used at appropriate times and in an adequate dose. Constant low-dose antibiotics cause modification in microflora and production of resistant pathogens strains. Poultry products containing more than the maximum residual levels permitted upon consumption may cause hypersensitivity, cancer, toxicity, or drug resistance in humans. E. coli, Campylobacter, and Salmonella are now resistant to numerous antibiotics. Drug residues affect human health very seriously. The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens poses a risk to public health. Developing resistance leads to treatment failures and there will be a need for new drugs, which is a challenging task. Drug withdrawal period must be ensured. Regular monitoring must be performed for drugs residing in an edible portion of poultry. Consumer safety should be the priority of production.

Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious gram-positive bacterium that presents life threatening consequences by affecting both humans and animals. Methicillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic that is used as an antibacterial, especially for S. aureus and infections caused by S. aureus. Methicillin-resistant as a significant risk to world health, S. aureus (MRSA) has unique categories that encompass strains connected to hospitals, communities, and animals. In densely populated developing nations, the challenges related to public hygiene practices can be particularly pronounced. Developing nations, unfortunately, documented cases of both MRSA within healthcare settings and a concerning rise in the incidence of MRSA, poses a significant and evolving threat to the wider community. MRSA is a significant contributor to dairy cow mastitis, and this includes instances of MRSA. What complicates matters further is the reported transmission of MRSA between those handling milk and the cows themselves. This phenomenon is not unique to Asian continents but has been monitored on a worldwide scale, with similar reports emerging from within the country. These findings underscore the potential for MRSA being imparted within animals and humans, particularly those engaged in the dairy industry.

72 broiler chicks were purchased and there reared for an anticoccidial trial. They were divided into 6 equal groups and given the experimental infection of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria orally on the 7th day of their age except for one group, which was no-infected control. Three groups were given the essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare @ 1, 2, and 3% concentration in the feed, the rest of the three served as medicated (Toltrazuril-treated), infected non-medicated, and non-infected non-medicated controls. Parameters of the study included the fecal scores, oocyst scores, oocyst per gram of feces, lesion scores, weight gain, feed intake feed conversion ratio, percent mortality, organ weights ratio, blood profile, and serum chemistry. The results of the study proved the anticoccidial effects of the essential oil and showed that the fennel essential oil had the best results at the 3% concentration. This study suggests that the essential oil of fennel can be used commercially for the control of coccidiosis.

This study investigated the effects of herbal extracts on growth performance, organ development, immunity parameters and intestinal microbial population of broilers. A total of 840 (one day old, initial weight 45±2 g) broiler chicks were divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates having 28 chicks in each. The control group (G1) fed with basal diet, and the antibiotic group (G2) was added with 15 mg/kg virginiamycin, while herbal extracts were given coneflower 20 mL/L (G3), neem 20 mL/L (G4), and thyme 20 mL/L (G5), respectively, in drinking water. The results showed that G3 presented significant results (P

The poultry sector is vibrant, fast growing and potential sector playing an important role in food security and economy of developing countries (Abbas et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020). Each year, over 50 billion chickens are raised as a source of meat, accounting for over one-third of protein source in food of humans (Quiroz-Castañedaet al. 2015). However, the poultry sector is facing challenges due to outbreak of certain diseases of parasitic, viral and bacterial origin. Among parasitic diseases, Coccidiosis is major parasitic diseases affecting poultry industry all over the world (Blake et al. 2020). Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by different species of genus Eimeria, which is obligate and intracellular protozoa. This is host-specific protozoa and also related to other protozoa like Besnoitia, Babesia, Cystoisospora, Caryptosporidium, Plasmodium, Neospora, Theileria, Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis. There are seven species which are causing coccidiosis in Gallus gallus domesticus. These species of Eimeria include Eimeria brunetti, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. mitis, E. tenella and E. praecox (Blake et al. 2021; El-Shall et al. 2022).

The advent of discernable abrasions alike to cutaneous leishmaniasis happened since the seventh century BCE on tablets from King Ashurbanipal (some of which might have started from significantly before texts from 1500 to 2500 BCE). In the 10th century CE, Persian physicians such as Avicenna described the balkh sore in detail (Cox 2002). Alexander Russell transcribed one of the most extensive clinical elucidations of the condition in 1756 after seeing a Turkish patient. Kala-azar (black fever) is the term used by specialists on the Indian subcontinent to describe it. Pre-Inca pottery portraying distorted faces and skin lesions from the first century CE in Ecuador and Peru shows indication of the cutaneous manifestation of the ailment. In the Americas, preInca pottery portraying distorted faces and skin lesions from the first century CE in Ecuador and Peru marks confirmation of the cutaneous manifestation of the disease. Some Inca documents from the 15th and 16th centuries, as well as Spanish colonial texts, reference "valley sickness," "Andean sickness," or "white leprosy," all of which are liable to allude to the cutaneous variety (World Health 2010).

Present study was aimed to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of butyric acid by both in vitro and in vivo methods. In vitro trial was conducted by sporulation inhibition assay to examine the influence of butyric acid on sporulation and damage of coccidian oocysts. Administration of various concentrations of butyric acid induced sporulation inhibition and also damaged coccidian oocysts in dose dependent manner. For in vivo trials, 72 (day-old) broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups i.e., A, B, C, D, E and F having equal chicks in each group (n=12). After one week of acclimatization, three doses of butyric acid 1.2%, 1% and 0.8% were given to group A, B and C, respectively while group D was named as positive control (infected medicated), group E was named as negative control (infected and non-medicated) and group F served as normal control (non-infected) group. On the same day, all treated groups were orally infected with 50.000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Results revealed that administration of butyric acid induced positive effect on chicken’s performance such as weight gain, FCR and anticoccidial parameters like lesion and oocysts score, oocyst per gram. Butyric acid also improved hematological values and serum chemistry of broiler chicken.