# Z. X. Liu's research while affiliated with Sichuan University and other places

## Publications (291)

Article
Recently, the LHAASO Collaboration published the detection of 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources above 100 TeV, with the highest energy photon reaching 1.4 PeV. The first detection of PeV γ rays from astrophysical sources may provide a very sensitive probe of the effect of the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV), which results in decay of high-energy...
Article
PurposeObservation of high energy and very high emission from Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) is crucial to study the gigantic explosion and the underline processes. With a large field-of-view and almost full duty cycle, the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA), a sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), is appropriate to moni...
Preprint
Full-text available
The Crab pulsar and the surrounding nebula powered by the pulsar's rotational energy through the formation and termination of a relativistic electron-positron wind is a bright source of gamma-rays carrying crucial information about this complex conglomerate. We report the detection of $\gamma$-rays with a spectrum showing gradual steepening over th...
Article
The Wide Field-of-View Cherenkov Telescope Array (WFCTA) and the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) of LHAASO are designed to work in combination for measuring the energy spectra of the cosmic ray species over a very wide energy range from a few TeV to 10 PeV. The energy calibration can be achieved with a proven technique of measuring the westwa...
Article
PurposeThe main scientific goal of LHAASO-WCDA is to survey gamma-ray sources with energy from 100 GeV to 30 TeV. To observe high-energy shower events, especially to measure the energy spectrum of cosmic rays from 100 TeV to 10 PeV, a dynamic range extension system (WCDA++) is designed to use a 1.5-inch PMT with a dynamic range of four orders of ma...
Article
The main scientific goal of the LHAASO WFCTA experiment is to measure the cosmic ray energy spectra and composition from 10 TeV to 1 EeV. Cherenkov photons in the extensive air shower measured by the SiPM camera of Cherenkov telescopes can be used to reconstruct the cosmic ray energy. The absolute calibration of the camera is a crucial step to achi...
Article
High-energy photons from the Crab Nebula The Crab Nebula contains a pulsar that excites the surrounding gas to emit high-energy radiation. The combination of the pulsar's youth and nearby location makes the nebula the brightest gamma-ray source in the sky. The LHAASO Collaboration report observations of this source at energies of tera– to peta–elec...
Article
Full-text available
The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been proven to be not only an alternative but also an improvement t...
Article
Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is one of the key parts of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), the construction of which has been completed at the end of the Year 2020. The WCDA covers a 78,000 m2 area and there exist 3,120 large size photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in three ponds: 8-inch PMTs are used in WCDA pond No. 1 and...
Article
We report the discovery of an extended very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray source around the location of the middle-aged (207.8 kyr) pulsar PSR J0622+3749 with the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). The source is detected with a significance of 8.2σ for E>25 TeV assuming a Gaussian template. The best-fit location is (right ascension,...
Article
Full-text available
The extension of the cosmic-ray spectrum beyond 1 petaelectronvolt (PeV; 10¹⁵ electronvolts) indicates the existence of the so-called PeVatrons—cosmic-ray factories that accelerate particles to PeV energies. We need to locate and identify such objects to find the origin of Galactic cosmic rays¹. The principal signature of both electron and proton P...
Preprint
Full-text available
The Wide Field-of-View Cherenkov Telescope Array (WFCTA) and the Water Cherenkov Detector Arrays (WCDA) of LHAASO are designed to work in combination for measuring the energy spectra of various cosmic ray species over a very wide energy range from a few TeV to 10 PeV. The energy calibration of WCDA can be achieved with a proven technique of measuri...
Article
The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) is a new generation hybrid cosmic ray observatory which is expected to reveal the mystery of the origin of cosmic rays. The one square kilometer array (KM2A) consisting of 5195 Electromagnetic particle Detectors (ED) and 1188 Muon Detectors (MD) is a sub-array of LHAASO. The EDs are designed t...
Preprint
Full-text available
The focal plane camera is the core component of the Wide Field-of-view Cherenkov/fluorescence Telescope Array (WFCTA) of the Large High-Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Because of the capability of working under moonlight without aging, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been proven to be not only an alternative but also an improvement t...
Preprint
Full-text available
As a sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), KM2A is mainly designed to cover a large fraction of the northern sky to hunt for gamma-ray sources at energies above 10 TeV. Even though the detector construction is still underway, a half of the KM2A array has been operating stably since the end of 2019. In this paper, we...
Article
The Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA) is a major component of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Array Observatory (LHAASO), a new generation cosmic-ray experiment with unprecedented sensitivity, currently under construction. WCDA is aimed at the study of TeV -rays. In order to evaluate the prospects of searching for TeV -ray sources with WCDA,...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Article
Theory predicts that the first adiabatic invariant of a charged particle may be violated in a region of highly curved field lines, leading to significant pitch angle scattering for particles whose gyroradius are comparable to the radius of the magnetic field line curvature. This scattering generates more isotropic particle distribution functions, w...
Article
Unambiguous knowledge of magnetic field structure and the electric current distribution is critical for understanding the origin, evolution and related dynamic properties of magnetic flux ropes (MFRs). In this paper, a survey of 13 MFRs in the Earth's magnetotail are conducted by Cluster multi-point analysis, so that their force-free feature, i.e.,...
Article
Full-text available
Magnetic disturbances caused by the Earth's ring current, particularly during storm time activity, have a dominant effect on the geomagnetic field. Strong currents and large kinetic and magnetic energies can change considerably local field geometry, and depress the ground geomagnetic field. The multi-spacecraft magnetic measurements of Cluster allo...
Article
The influences of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) cone angle θ and clock angle ϕ on the field-aligned currents (FACs) at the plasma sheet boundary layers (PSBLs) have been investigated using Cluster Data. The FAC occurrence increases monotonically with IMF cone angle and has two peaks at -90° and +110° clock angle, respectively. The peak at...
Article
Full-text available
The fine magnetic field structure of two successive plasmoids previously reported is investigated by magnetic rotation analysis using four Cluster satellite data. Between these two plasmoids, opposite trends of curvature radius (Rc) variations of the magnetic field lines from the boundary to the inner part are found. The different variations of Rc...
Article
The influence of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By component on the field-aligned currents (FACs) in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) in the magnetotail during the northward IMF were investigated using the data from Cluster. There are 748 FACs cases selected to do analysis. We present that the IMF By component plays a very important...
Article
Full-text available
1] We present a generalized multipoint analysis of physical quantities, such as magnetic field and plasma flow, based on spatial gradient properties, where the multipoint data may be taken by irregular (distorted) configurations of any number of spacecraft. The methodology is modified from a previous, fully 3-D gradient analysis technique, designed...
Article
A substorm dispersionless injection event observed during the storm recovery phase on 11 March 1998 at geosynchronous orbit is carefully studied. The event shows the notable characteristics that for energetic ions the flux enhancement ratio before and after injection increases and remains elevated with increasing energy, while for energetic electro...
Article
Using the apical oxygen doping mechanism, i.e. a partial substitution of divalence O for the monovalence Cl, a p-type copper oxychloride superconductor, Sr2CuO2+δCl2-y, was synthesized at 1050°C under 6.0 GPa for 1h. The X-ray powder diffractions show that the main phase has a tetragonal structure with a=3.93Å, c=15.65 Å. The magnetic susceptibilit...
Article
Full-text available
A data set of the Cluster cusp crossings over a 5-year period is studied for the interhemispheric comparison of the dipole tilt angle effect on the latitude of the mid-altitude cusp. The result shows that the dipole tilt angle has a clear control of the cusp latitudinal location. Although, the northern cusp moves 0.054° ILAT for every 1° increase i...
Article
Full-text available
During April to July 2007 a combination of 10 spacecraft provided simultaneous monitoring of the dayside magnetopause across a wide range of local times. The ar-ray of four Cluster spacecraft, separated at large distances (10 000 km), were traversing the dawn-side magnetopause at high and low latitudes; the five THEMIS spacecraft were of-ten in a 4...
Article
This paper investigates the structure of the magnetic field near the magnetopause (MP) by analyzing the multiple-point magnetic measurements from the Cluster mission. In this paper, the spatial distribution of the curvature radius of the MP surface at the noon-midnight meridian and for situations with moderate dynamical pressure of solar wind is im...
Article
Full-text available
How the solar wind affects the location of the magnetopause has been widely studied and excellent models of the magnetopause based on in situ observations in the solar wind and at the magnetopause have been established, while the careful insight into the responses of the magnetopause to the variations in the solar wind can still provide us some new...
Article
Full-text available
The extent of where magnetic reconnection (MR), the dominant process responsible for energy and plasma transport into the magnetosphere, operates across Earth's dayside magnetopause has previously been only indirectly shown by observations. We report the first direct evidence of X-line structure resulting from the operation of MR at each of two wid...
Article
On 21 February 2009, THEMIS-C satellite observed the classical signal of magnetic flux rope at magnetotail of X=-15.7RE. We take the method of Grad-Shafranov reconstruction to investigate the characteristics and structure of magnetotail flux rope. The results give the characteristic physics parameters such as the invariant axis direction, the cross...
Article
The properties of plasmas (in space) are fundamentally governed by both ‘cross-scale’ coupling and comparative temporal behaviour operating over the micro-, meso-, and (MHD-) fluid regimes: for example, under conditions of turbulence, during magnetic reconnection and in shocks and other plasma boundaries. These themes map to a number of related and...
Article
Full-text available
The magnetic field dipolarization in the vicinity of substorm onset and during substorm expansion phase during the period of 06:00–06:40 UT on 15 February 2008 is investigated with observations from multiple probes of THEMIS. It is found that the magnetic dipolarization at the substorm onset (the onset time was about 06:14 UT) was not accompanied b...
Article
Full-text available
No abstract available.
Article
Full-text available
The penetration of plasma sheet ions into the inner magnetosphere is very important to the inner magnetospheric dynamics since plasma sheet ions are one of the major particle sources of ring current during storm times. However, the direct observations of the inner boundary of the plasma sheet are fairly rare due to the limited number of satellites...
Article
Full-text available
During April to July 2007 a combination of 10 spacecraft provided simultaneous monitoring of the dayside magnetopause across a wide range of local times. The array of four Cluster spacecraft, separated at large distances (10 000 km), were traversing the dawn-side magnetopause at high and low latitudes; the five THEMIS spacecraft were often in a 4 +...
Article
Full-text available
The Neutral Atom Detector Unit (NUADU) aboard the TC-2 spacecraft recorded energetic neutral atom (ENA) image data for >3 h during part of the main and recovery phases of a major magnetic storm on 15 May 2005. A custom designed, constrained linear inversion method was applied to retrieve ring current ion distributions in the ENA records out to L =...
Article
The Chinese National Space Agency (CNSA) Double Star (DSP) spacecraft, TC-1 and TC-2 were launched in December 2003 and July 2004 into near equatorial and polar orbits respectively. During more than 3 years of operations they have maintained a close phasing with the ESA four-spacecraft mission to produce the first, well coordinated multi-scale meas...
Article
Full-text available
Interplanetary linear magnetic holes (LMHs) are structures in which the magnetic field magnitude decreases with little change in the field direction. They are a 10–30% subset of all interplanetary magnetic holes (MHs). Using magnetic field and plasma measurements obtained by Cluster-C1, we surveyed the LMHs in the solar wind at 1 AU. In total 567 i...
Article
Full-text available
The magnetic field in many regions of magnetosphere has a complex topological structure. As a parameter to measure the topological complexity, the concept of magnetic helicity is a useful tool in magnetospheric physics. Here we present a case study of magnetic helicity in the flux rope (FR) in the near-Earth plasma sheet (PS) based on the in-situ o...
Article
Full-text available
The relationship between the average structure of the inner magnetospheric large-scale electric field and geomagnetic activity levels has been investigated by Double Star TC-1 data for radial distances ρ between 4.5 R E and 12.5 R E and MLT between 18:00 h and 06:00 h from July to October in 2004 and 2005. The sunward component of the electric fiel...
Article
The current sheet in Earth’s magnetotail often flaps, and the flapping waves could be induced propagating towards the dawn and dusk flanks, which could make the current sheet dynamic. To explore the dynamic characteristics of current sheet associated with the flapping motion holistically and provide reasonable physical interpretations, detailed dir...
Article
Full-text available
This paper was published as Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010, 115, A07228. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union. It is also available from http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2010/2009JA014446.shtml. Doi: 10.1029/2009JA014446 We statistically investigated features of the field-aligned current (FAC) distribution in plasma sheet boundar...
Article
Full-text available
With TC-1, Cluster, and Geotail observations, we statistically analyzed earthward and tailward convective bursty flows (CBFs) from 7 to 31 RE to understand the distribution of X lines in the magnetotail. We also analyzed the effect of the solar wind condition on the X lines with ACE satellite observations. The statistical results show that the eart...
Article
Numerical simulations of 3-D retrieval of RC ion distribution by means of CT inversion technique have been made using ENA images from two satellites located widely separated advantage positions, showing good performance under isotropy assumption. This inversion technique has been applied to retrieve ENA sources of energetic ions in RC and aurora re...
Article
Full-text available
This paper will discuss the design and construction of BESIII, which is designed to study physics in the tau-charm energy region utilizing the new high luminosity BEPCII double ring e(+)e(-) collider. The expected performance will be given based on Monte Carlo simulations and results of cosmic ray and beam tests. In BESIII, tracking and momentum me...
Article
Full-text available
Polycrystalline PrCuMn <sub>6</sub> O <sub>12</sub> sample has been successfully synthesized. It has been characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetic and magnetotransport measurements at ambient pressure, and transport property measurements under pressures. From the refinements of XRD data, a cubic phase and a trigonal phase with charge orde...
Article
1. The Definition of Front: The Front is the interface induced by the interaction between the earthward flow and tailward flow which are both carried with magnetic flux. 2. Types of the Front (1) Tailward Front: velocity of the tailward flow and the magnetic flux carried by the tailward flow is larger than the velocity of the earthward flow and the...
Article
Full-text available
Various boundary crossings in the vicinity of the high-altitude cusp region were experienced by the Cluster spacecraft when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was northward. In contrast to the southward IMF cases, in which a turbulent and diffusive entry layer is present equatorward of the cusp, a transition layer (without significant turbulen...
Article
Based on ion distribution function found from the dynamic equation, the density distribution of He+ ions originating from the polar ionosphere and up-flowing along the magnetic field line is studied during quiet and weakly disturbed geomagnetic conditions. The results show the following. (1) The ionospheric up-flowing He+ ions mainly reside in the...
Article
Full-text available
1] Magnetic depression structures (magnetic holes) of short time duration from seconds to minutes have been studied using Cluster data in the high-latitude cusp. Our multispacecraft analysis revealed that the magnetic depressions are spatial structures traveling across the spacecraft, and this result was further strengthened by the calculation of t...
Article
In this research, the properties of a tail current sheet, which has a flattened geometry, and its evolution during substorm activity have been investigated. The geometrical configuration of the magnetic field and the spatial distribution of the current density in a flattened current sheet have been revealed with certainty for the first time. It is...
Article
Based on multiple spacecraft measurements, the geometrical structures of tilted current sheet and tail flapping waves have been analyzed and some features of the tilted current sheets have been made clear for the first time. The geometrical features of the tilted current sheet revealed in this investigation are as follows: (1) The magnetic field li...
Article
Full-text available
With the 4-s resolution data of the magnetometer and the ion plasma analyzer on Double Star TC-1 from June to November of each year during the period of 2004–2006, we statistically analyzed the occurrence rate of both convective and field-aligned bursty flows (FABFs). In the region −13 RE < X < −9 RE, ∣Y∣ < 10 RE, ∣Z∣ 180 km/s and V$\parallel$x > 1...
Article
A superconducting detector magnet and two sets of interaction region (IR) magnets are adopted in the upgrade project of Beijing Electron and Positron Collider (BEPC II). The operating currents of these magnets differ from 3.6 kA to 24 A. Totally 13 pairs of vapor cooled current leads (VCCL) were designed and fabricated for these magnets. After the...
Article
Full-text available
In this research, the geometrical structures of tilted current sheet and tail flapping waves have been analysed based on multiple spacecraft measurements and some features of the tilted current sheets have been made clear for the first time. The geometrical features of the tilted current sheet revealed in this investigation are as follows: (1) The...
Article
Full-text available
In this research, the geometrical structures of tilted current sheet and tail flapping waves have been analysed based on multiple spacecraft measurements and some features of the tilted current sheets have been made clear for the first time. The geometrical features of the tilted current sheet revealed in this investigation are as follows: (1) The...
Article
A typical substorm process in the night-side near-Earth magnetotail company with the pile-up and depolarization process explored by TC-1 on sep 17, 2004. We analyzed the FGM and HIA data(4s resolution) with wavelet and FFT analysis method to understand the low-frequency wave in the pile-up and dipolarization process. The analysis results showed tha...
Article
Full-text available
In this research, the properties of a tail current sheet, which has a flattened geometry, and its evolution during substorm activity have been investigated. The geometrical configuration of the magnetic field and the spatial distribution of the current density in a flattened current sheet have been revealed with certainty for the first time. It is...
Article
Full-text available
Two case studies are performed to investigate substorm timing and activations based on Double Star TC1, Cluster, Polar, IMAGE, LANL geostationary satellites and ground-based geomagnetic field measurements. In both events, an earthward flow associated with plasma sheet thinning is measured by Cluster 8–10 min ahead of the auroral breakup. A couple o...
Article
Full-text available
1] We present a comparison of two events, monitored by the Double Star and Cluster spacecraft at separate locations on the dayside magnetopause, which exhibit distinct properties at high and low latitudes in the magnetopause boundary layer during the occurrence of low-latitude reconnection. On 6 April 2004, the four Cluster and TC-1 spacecraft were...
Article
Full-text available
A method has been developed for extracting magnetospheric ion distributions from Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) measurements made by the NUADU instrument on the TC-2 spacecraft. Based on a constrained linear inversion, this iterative technique is suitable for use in the case of an ENA image measurement, featuring a sharply peaked spatial distribution...
Article
Full-text available
We present energetic neutral atom (ENA) images in the energy range 45 to 50 keV for H and 92 to 138 keV for O measured by the Neutral Atom Detector Unit (NUADU) onboard Double Star TC-2 during a geomagnetic storm on 8 May 2005. We compare the ion fluxes deduced from inversion of the NUADU image with those calculated using the Comprehensive Ring Cur...
Article
The properties of proton (0 eV < E < 40 keV) in the plasma sheet are examined by means of a superposed epoch analysis, using 115 magnetotail plasma injection events which are identified from Cluster magnetotail orbit time in between 2001 and 2004. All events distribute in magnetic local time from 20 p. m. to 04 a. m. Five classes of magnetotail inj...
Article
Full-text available
Resistivity measurements of Eu <sub>0.58</sub> Sr <sub>0.42</sub> MnO <sub>3</sub>