Yurui Sun's research while affiliated with University of Bonn and other places
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Publications (30)
Silage is produced worldwide for both livestock feeding and biogas production. Sustainable silage production requires characterization and mitigation of potential effects on environmental quality, particularly from greenhouse gas emissions during the production cycle. Ex-situ sampling has demonstrated that major emissions are carbon dioxide (CO2) a...
The microbiome in silage may vary substantially from the onset to the completion of fermentation. Improved additives and inoculants are being developed to accelerate the ensiling process, to enhance fermentation quality, and to delay spoilage during feed-out. However, current methods for preselecting and characterizing these amendments are time-con...
The biochemical reactions of aerobic microbial respiration (AMR) suggest that silage temperature (Tsi) rise, oxygen (O2) consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission may be equally useful as indicators of silage deterioration during feed-out, but only temperature has been used extensively to assess aerobic stability. Here we extend the study of ae...
High quality silage containing abundant lactic acid is a critical component of ruminant diets in many parts of the world. Silage deterioration, a result of aerobic metabolism (including utilization of lactic acid) during storage and feed-out, reduces the nutritional quality of the silage, and its acceptance by animals. In this study, we introduce a...
Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in water and energy balance at the surface-atmosphere interface. It is widely reported that near-surface soil water content (SWC) or soil water potential (SWP) significantly affects ET and this parameter has been incorporated into the FAO Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) model for prediction of ET during crop...
Hydraulic property determination in freezing soils continues to be a substantial challenge. Our overall objective was to present a novel method for in-situ estimation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity in freezing soil using a combination of improved field data and a simplified inverse modeling approach. Dielectric sensor readings in the field w...
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a principal byproduct of various chemical, biological and biochemical processes. CO2 has been measured using various advanced sensors, but a limiting technical challenge has been resolving independent streams of CO2 produced by processes occurring simultaneously. The magnitude and kinetics of each stream may be chemically, b...
The HYDRUS-2D simulation software has been used for irrigation management. Its performance under realistic irrigation regimes requires evaluation with new methodologies that integrate larger soil volumes, because soil water content is highly variable in time, space and scale. We compare direct measurements in a sloping field environment under drip...
Silage is a critical global feedstock, but is prone to aerobic deterioration. The dominant mechanism of O2 transport into silage remains unresolved. Here, multiple sensors tracked O2 and CO2, gas pressure (ΔP) between internal silage and ambient air, pH and silage temperature (Tsi) during the ensilage of maize and ryegrass. We report the first obse...
Featured Application: Silage management on farm. Abstract: Silage quality and aerobic stability are sometimes insufficient. If management requirements are not met, or to improve silage quality, additives are often used. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of different factors on silage during aerobic conditions. Whole-crop for...
Although sticky traps are reliable indicators of pest population dynamics but pest counting by humans is time-consuming and menial labour. A novel smart vision algorithm based on two-dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) spectrum is presented. Rather than directly counting the pests captured on the traps, the novel concept is to treat trapped pests...
(1) Background: Since early yield prediction is relevant for resource requirements of harvesting and marketing in the whole fruit industry, this paper presents a new approach of using image analysis and tree canopy features to predict early yield with artificial neural networks (ANN); (2) Methods: Two back propagation neural network (BPNN) models w...
We evaluated a recently developed mobile dielectric sensor designed for root zone (0–20 cm) moisture measurements to infer soil and plant water losses associated with evapotranspiration (ET). The sensor was deployed along a tomato row crop grown in a greenhouse (inner area: 240 m2). The mobile sensor generated a horizontally-oriented data array of...
For silage production, high bulk density (BD) is critical to minimize aerobic deterioration facilitated by oxygen intrusion. To precisely assess packing quality for bunker silos, there is a desire to visualize the BD distribution within the silage. In this study, a penetrometer-based mapping system was developed. The data processing included filter...
To realize site-specific and variable-rate application of agricultural pesticides, accurately metering and controlling the chemical injection rate is necessary. This study presents a prototype of a direct nozzle injection system (DNIS) by which chemical concentration transport lag was greatly reduced. In this system, a rapid-reacting solenoid valve...
Oxygen (O₂) concentration inside the substrate is an important measurement for silage-research and-practical management. In the laboratory gas chromatography is commonly employed for O₂ measurement. Among sensor-based techniques, accurate and reliable in situ measurement is rare because of high levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) generated by the introd...
Making silage involves a complicated biochemical process where oxygen (O2) is rapidly consumed within the sealed environment leading to fermentation and stable storage of the biomass. Reintroduction of the oxygen from a leak or the feed-out process results in silage degradation. Monitoring silage O2 concentration and temperature (Tsi) can provide c...
Leaf wilting is a common symptom in plants responding to drought stress. Early wilting detection is very important for precision crop management. In this paper, plant morphology was monitored to determine plant water status. A laser scanner was used to obtain three-dimensional (3D) images of plants based on the principle of triangulation. Four wilt...
One role of stems is that of water storage. The water content of stems increases and decreases as xylem water potential increases and decreases, respectively. Hence, a nondestructive method to measure stem water content (St WC ) = (volume of water) : (volume of stem), could be useful in monitoring the drought stress status of plants.
We introduce a...
The soil freezing characteristic (SFC) plays a critical role in modeling the transport of water, heat, and solutes in frozen soil. Especially, the SFC can be used to estimate the soil moisture characteristic (SMC) for unfrozen soil due to the known similarity between them. In this study, we tested an existing portable dielectric tube sensor in vert...
Precision-farming applications are mainly based on site-specific information of soil properties at the field scale. For this purpose, a number of novel sensor techniques have been developed but not intensively tested under different field conditions. This study presents a combined application of a self-developed dual-sensor vertical penetrometer (D...
This study presented a novel method to determine the volume of sensitivity
(VOS) for dielectric sensors by frozen soil columns radially thawing from
outside inward. The method is based on physical equivalence of the dielectric
properties between soil drying–wetting and freezing–thawing transitions.
We applied this method to determine/compare (i...
New apple fruit recognition algorithms based on colour features are presented to estimate the number of fruits and develop models for early prediction of apple yield, in a multi-disciplinary approach linking computer science with agricultural engineering and horticulture as part of precision agriculture. Fifty cv. ‘Gala’ apple digital images were c...
Commercially available EM instruments have increasingly been used for soil ECa (apparent electrical conductivity) measurement. However, the practical examples in practice still remain limited. The major barrier is data interpretation because ECa values are influenced by numerous soil physical and chemical properties. This study provides a case appl...
Keywords:surface porosity;roughness;laser profiler
Deficit Irrigation (DI) is an advanced method of irrigation and this method was used in the north region of China more and more. But it is also a complex method for using. To allow this method to be used facilely, especially in field, an expert system (ES) for deficit irrigation based on Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) has been developed. The syst...
A combined penetrometer is an appropriate tool to measure the soil cone resistance and the water-content profile. As a relatively new technique, a combined capacitance-penetrometer for the simultaneous measurement of cone index and soil water content was developed at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of Bonn University in 2002. The objecti...
Um Bodenverdichtungen einfach und flächendeckend messen zu können, wurde in Bonn ein Doppelsensor, der auf der Basis dieelektrischer und mechanischer Größen arbeitet, entwickelt und als Prototyp für Labormessungen gebaut. Die geometrische Form des Sensors entspricht der ASEA-Norm für Penetrometerkegel. Der Sensor liefert die Signale beim Einstechen...
Citations
... It would be desirable to monitor pH over time to best make use of this parameter, which suggests that oxidation of lactic acid has taken place (Middelhoven and Franzen 1986, Pahlow et al. 2003, Martens 2006. Shan et al. (2021b) used a special pH electrode to monitor the fermentation process in a mini-bioreactor. Other researchers tried to develop a wireless pH sensor for application to feeds (Huang et al. 2012, Marsh et al. 2020. ...
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... The increase in CO 2 flux associated with the rise in temperature demonstrates the beginning of the deterioration phase. In silages with higher moisture content, much of the CO 2 present is dissolved (Shan et al. 2021), an effect that explains the amount of CO 2 in silages with lower DM content in this study. This effect demonstrates that the increase in DM in silages promotes an increase in osmotic pressure, which reduces the activity of microorganisms that are harmful to the quality of the silage (McDonald et al. 1991). ...
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... The pH electrode FC2023 is equipped with an integrated temperature sensor for direct reading of both parameters. In this regard, Sprague and Taylor (1977), Cherney and Cherney (2003) and Shan et al. (2021) reported that pH and temperature during the fermentation process in experimental silos or on-farm silos can be monitored effectively using pH probe electrodes, for acceptable moisture levels. ...
... In theory, the balance between water availability and received energy is the key process controlling ET in both natural and managed ecosystems, which in boreal regions manifests as limitations to both water and energy over different seasons (Brümmer et al., 2012;Runkle et al., 2014;Xu et al., 2020). The classical Penman-Monteith (PM) and Preistley-Taylor (PT) equations, which both consider energy and aerodynamics, are important tools for quantifying the balance between water availability and received energy (Monteith, 1965;Priestley and Taylor, 1972). ...
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... The hydraulic conductivity governs the water flux into the soil profile and expresses the velocity of water flow into the soil (Cheng et al. 2019). In general, the value of hydraulic conductivity varies over 12 orders of magnitude among common soil types (Fitts 2002). ...
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... Thirdly, carbon dioxide escaping from silage has different sources which need to be distinguished. One is the efflux of gas, which has accumulated in the pores during anaerobic storage, the other is production caused by microbial activity (Shan et al. 2019). Thus, Shan et al. (2021a) attempted to identify the proportion of aerobic microbial respiration by determining O 2 , CO 2 and temperature in different layers in triticale silage. ...
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... This conclusion is similar to the conclusions of the soil moisture study by Li [40]. Shan [41] came to a similar conclusion when he explored the redistribution of soil water in the field environment of slope under drip-irrigation conditions. The results showed that the wetting circle extended to 18-20 cm in 24 h, and when water penetrated deeper into the soil, the adjacent wetting volume merged, and the wetting front disappeared before reaching 50 cm. ...
... Conservation of forage feed by ensilaging is one of the most common fermentation processes in the northern hemisphere. It is estimated that 200 million tons of dry matter are ensiled annually [2]. Ensiled forages are widely used because they reduce nutrient loss, simplify feeding, improve animal/farm management, and may have a probiotic effect [3,4]. ...
... The pH level provides a basic value for evaluating silage fermentation. To obtain silage of an excellent quality, a large enough LA-producing bacterial population is required, to induce a rapid drop in pH (Kerstin et al., 2017). Well-fermented silage should have a pH of 4.2 or lower (Edwards and McDonald, 1978). ...
... In terms of the estimation or forecasting objectives, we have identified two modeling classes. The main approach used in operational contexts is stochastic modeling, which involves establishing mathematical relationships between data through statistical or empirical models [14,19,20,43,55,58,75]. Although, when the modeler's knowledge of the mechanisms and processes of yield development is used to establish mathematical relationships among the explanatory variables, the modeling is considered deterministic or mechanistic [22,49,69] (Fig. 2). ...
