Yukiko Nishikawa’s scientific contributions

Myanmar has experienced significant changes since the 2010s. It ended long military rule and undertook reforms under the quasi-civilian government as a result of the 2010 general elections. Although the military's seizure of power in 2021 set back the positive image that the country has obtained since 2010, if we understand the nature of the state, Myanmar, the event in early 2021 was not astonishing. This chapter reveals the nature of the state, Myanmar, and examines the effect of globalization in post-reform Myanmar. ‘Disciplined’ democracy is a symbolic term to represent the reforms. Nevertheless, the country suffers from more nationalist movements and extremism under democratization movements, thereby generating increased violence and local conflicts, particularly in the borderlands. While such international norms as democracy and the rule of law have been embedded in the country's reforms, careful investigations reveal that the pretense of democracy and the rule of law enhances marginalization, discrimination and exclusion vis-à-vis hegemonic state-building. A new dynamism of political economy developed since 2011 has significantly changed power relations of the state, military, entrepreneurs, foreign investors and local people.KeywordsMyanmarDemocracyReformsPolitical economyState-building

This chapter provides background information on the themes and case studies in this volume. The first part of the chapter introduces several indicators to grasp the globalization and economic situations of the six countries featured in this volume. It is to gain an overall picture of globalization and the economic situations of the six case countries. The second section of this chapter focuses on the nation-state and nation/state-building that the six case countries, more or less, have experienced vis-à-vis globalization. The section attempts to identify characteristics and conditions that the states in Africa and Asia had to face for their state- and nation-building in the globalized world. The chapter provides a broader picture of the theme of this book in relation to the six cases introduced in this volume.KeywordsGlobalization indexGrowthInequalityPolitical economyState-building

This concluding chapter summaries major findings of this volume and examines how economic denationalization correlates with renationalization of politics, how economic denationalization affects structural inequality, how the global political economy affects national policies and what effects economic denationalization has brought to statehood in Africa and Asia. In reference to the findings of the chapters of this book, the concluding chapter considers the continuing and even expanding effects of globalization vis-à-vis the countries in Africa and Asia and the future perspective of globalization's effects on these countries.KeywordsStatenessGovernancePolitical economyInternational agreementsLocal conflicts