Yongmu Jiang’s research while affiliated with Sichuan University and other places

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Publications (14)


The Process, Characteristics and Prospects of the Century-Long Fight against Poverty by the Communist Party of China
  • Article

October 2024

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4 Reads

International Critical Thought

Yongmu Jiang

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Yuan He


PRISMA flowchart of study selection
Availability rates (%) of essential medicines for children from 2009–2015
Note: A, Alimentary Tract And Metabolism; B, Blood And Blood Forming Organs; C, Cardiovascular System; D, Dermatologicals; G, Genito Urinary System And Sex Hormones; H, Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones And insulin; J, Antiinfectives For Systemic Use; L, Antineoplastic And Immunomodulating Agents; M, Musculo-Skeletal System; N, Nervous System; P, Antiparasitic Products, Insecticides And Repellents; R, Respiratory System; V, Various
Availability rates (%) of essential medicines for children from 2016–2020
Note: A, Alimentary Tract And Metabolism; B, Blood And Blood Forming Organs; C, Cardiovascular System; D, Dermatologicals; G, Genito Urinary System And Sex Hormones; H, Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excl. Sex Hormones And insulin; J, Antiinfectives For Systemic Use; L, Antineoplastic And Immunomodulating Agents; M, Musculo-Skeletal System; N, Nervous System; P, Antiparasitic Products, Insecticides And Repellents; R, Respiratory System; V, Various
Availability rates of essential medicines for children by income, ownership, level of medical institutions, original and generic medicines, 2009 to 2015 and 2016 to 2020
Note: HIC, high-income country; UMC, upper-middle income country; LMC, lower-middle-income country; LIC, low- income country; Private, private medical institutions; Public, public medical institutions; Primary, primary healthcare centers; Hospital, other levels of hospitals except for primary medical institutions; Original, original medicines; Generic, generic medicines
Changes of availability rates (%) of essential medicines for children over time from 2009–2020
Note: LIC, low- income country; LMC, lower-middle-income country; UMC, upper-middle income country. ¹ Total availability; ² Public sectors; ³ Private sectors; ⁴ Original medicines; ⁵ Generic medicines. The size of the dots indicate the number of surveyed institutions

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Global, regional and national availability of essential medicines for children, 2009–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis
  • Literature Review
  • Full-text available

June 2023

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86 Reads

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1 Citation

BMC Public Health

Yuqing Shi

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Zhe Chen

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[...]

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Background Access to essential medicines is a vital component of universal health coverage. The low availability of essential medicines for children (EMC) has led the World Health Organization (WHO) to issue a number of resolutions calling on member states on its improvement. But its global progress has been unclear. We aimed to systematically evaluate the progress of availability of EMC over the past decade across economic regions and countries. Methods We searched eight databases from inception to December 2021 and reference lists to identify included studies. Two reviewers independently conducted literature screening, data extraction and quality evaluation. This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022314003. Results Overall, 22 cross-sectional studies covering 17 countries, 4 income groups were included. Globally, the average availability rates of EMC were 39.0% (95%CI: 35.5-42.5%) in 2009–2015 and 43.1% (95%CI: 40.1-46.2%) in 2016–2020. Based on the World Bank classification of economic regions, income was not proportional to availability. Nationally, the availability rate of EMC was reasonable and high (> 50%) in only 4 countries, and low or very low for the rest 13 countries. The availability rates of EMC in primary healthcare centers had increased, while that for other levels of hospitals slightly declined. The availability of original medicines decreased while that of generic medicines was stable. All drug categories had not achieved the high availability rate. Conclusion The availability rate of EMC was low globally, with slight increase in the last decade. Continuous monitoring and timely reporting of the availability of EMC are also needed to facilitate targets setting and inform relevant policy making.

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PRISMA flow diagram of study selection.
The overall price and affordability of essential medicines in China. Notes: Red indicates the MPRs of essential medicines with a red dotted line as the threshold, and blue indicates the affordability of essential medicines with a blue dotted line as the threshold. MPR, median price ratio.
The price and affordability of essential medicines in China. Notes: (A) the median MPRs of essential medicines in China; (B) the median affordability of essential medicines in China. MPRs, median price ratios; OB, originator brand; LPG, lowest priced generic equivalent; ATC, anatomic therapeutic chemistry; A, alimentary tract and metabolism; B, blood and blood-forming organs; C, cardiovascular system; D, dermatologicals; G, genito urinary system and sex hormones; H, systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins; J, antiinfectives for systemic use; L, antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents; M, musculoskeletal system; N, nervous system; P, antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents; R, respiratory system; S, sensory organs; V, various; Z, unknow.
The provincial characteristics of the price and affordability of essential medicines in China. Notes: i) the upper pictures show the MPRs of essential medicines of each province in China before 2009 (A), from 2010 to 2014 (B), and from 2015 to 2019 (C); ii) the bottom pictures show the affordability of essential medicines of each province in China before 2009 (D), from 2010 to 2014 (E), and from 2015 to 2019 (F). MPRs, median price ratios.
The price and affordability of essential medicines, progress and regional distribution in China: a systematic review

May 2023

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39 Reads

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4 Citations

Background: Essential medicine is a vital component to assure universal access to quality healthcare. However, the trend of affordability to essential medicines in China and its regional differences were not yet fully understood. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the price and affordability of essential medicines, their progress, and regional distribution in China in the last decades. Methods: We searched seven databases and three websites for potentially eligible studies from inception until March 2022. Studies on the price and affordability of essential medicines investigated in China were included. Median and interquartile range (IQR) was used to describe the price and affordability of essential medicines, and compared in three periods, before 2009, from 2009 to 2014, and from 2015 to 2019. Subgroup analysis was performed to examine the price and affordability by regions, health facilities, and ATC categories of medicines. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022310173). Results: A total of 65 studies including 11,639 health facilities investigated between 2006 and 2019 were included in this review. Median price ratios (MPR) and affordability of essential medicines were reported in 44 studies and 50 studies, respectively. The median MPRs of essential medicines in China was 1.59 (IQR: 5.39), with a tendency to rise first and then fall from 2006 to 2019. And the median affordability was equal to 0.88 (IQR: 2.58) days’ wage of the lowest paid unskilled government worker, but steadily rose from 2006 to 2019. Subgroup analysis showed that the affordability in the western region (1.40, IQR: 2.88), urban area (0.95, IQR: 2.80), private sector (0.90, IQR: 2.30), of originator brands (OB) (2.90, IQR: 6.68), and antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (5.68, IQR: 56.47) were worse than their counterparts. Conclusion: The prices of essential medicine were higher than international level, the overall affordability of essential medicines in China is acceptable but poor in the western region, for OB drugs and anti-cancer medicines. Further national essential medicine policies are needed to reduce regional disparities and improve the affordability of expensive drugs. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#recordDetails


PRISMA flow chart of study selection.
The availability of essential medicines in China.
The availability of essential medicines by provinces from 2009 to 2014 (A) and from 2015 to 2019 (B). Availability of essential medicine considered as: high > 80%, fairly high 50–80%, low 30–49%, very low < 30%. Methods for data manipulation for provinces with missing data in the map: if the province has been surveyed but the provincial data were not available, regional data (pooled estimate using meta-analysis) were used to fill in the data; if no survey has been conducted in the province at all, then it was labeled as no data. (From 2009 to 2014, provincial data were available for Beijing, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Shaanxi; whereas, from 2015 to 2019, provincial data were available for Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Yunnan, and Ningxia).
Changes in the availability of essential medicines between different categories based on ATC (2009–2014 vs. 2015–2019). G: Not reported the availability of Genito urinary system and sex hormones from 2009 to 2014. A: Alimentary tract and metabolism; B: Blood and blood forming organs; C: Cardiovascular system; D: Dermatologicals; G: Genito urinary system and sex hormones; H: Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins; J: Antiinfectives for systemic use; L: Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents; M: Musculo-skeletal system; N: Nervous system; P: Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents; R: Respiratory system; S: Sensory organs: V: Various.
Availability of essential medicines, progress and regional distribution in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis

April 2023

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101 Reads

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4 Citations

Background Essential medicines are the backbone of healthcare and meet the priority healthcare needs of the population. However, approximately one-third of the global population does not have access to essential medicines. Although China formulated essential medicine policies in 2009, the progress of availability of essential medicines and regional variations remains unknown. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the availability of essential medicines, their progress, and regional distribution in China in the last decade. Methods We searched eight databases from their inception to February 2022, relevant websites, and reference lists of included studies. Two reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias independently. Meta-analyses were performed to quantify the availability of essential medicines, their progress, and regional distribution. Results Overall 36 cross-sectional studies conducted from 2009 to 2019 were included, with regional data for 14 provinces. The availability of essential medicines in 2015–2019 [28.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 26.4–29.9%] was similar to that in 2009–2014 (29.4%, 95% CI: 27.5–31.3%); lower in the Western region (19.8%, 95% CI: 18.1–21.5%) than Eastern (33.8%, 95% CI: 31.6–36.1%) and Central region (34.5%, 95% CI: 30.6–38.5%); very low for 8 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) categories (57.1%), and low for 5 categories (35.7%) among all ATC groups. Conclusion The availability of essential medicines in China is low compared with the World Health Organization goal, has not changed much in the last decade, is unequal across regions, and lacks data for half of provinces. For policy-making, the monitoring system of the availability of essential medicines is to be strengthened to enable long-term surveillance, especially in provinces where the data has been missing. Meanwhile, Joint efforts from all stakeholders are warranted to improve the availability of essential medicines in China toward the universal health coverage target. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=315267, identifier: PROSPERO CRD42022315267.



Availability of medicines for children in China
Affordable medicines for children in China
Access to medicines for children in China

December 2022

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67 Reads

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1 Citation

Access to essential medicines for children is a big challenge, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. In China, the average availability of essential medicines for children is 1.6%–46.5%. The availability of generics was generally higher than original brands in public hospitals and the prices of generics were relatively lower and more reasonable (generics: availability, 27.3%–46.5%, prices, 0.52–4.28 times the international reference prices; original brands: 1.6%–33.0%, 2.59–11.38 times the international reference prices). In terms of affordability of medicines for children, generics were more affordable than original brands and tablets/capsules were more affordable than injections. Most commonly used anti-infective medicines (such as amoxicillin capsule, azithromycin tablet, cefuroxime tablet) and antipyretics (such as ibuprofen suspension) were relatively affordable. Six commonly used medicines in paediatrics, including amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, beclomethasone, cefazolin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cyclosporine were unaffordable. Since August 2011, China has successively issued several policies to ensure the accessibility of medicines for children, covering research and development, production, procurement and prices of medicines. The accessibility of medicines for children has been partially improved, but still needs continuous improvement.


Assessing the impact of off-farm employment on land efficiency in different patterns: Field evidence from post-reform China

November 2022

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50 Reads

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3 Citations

The three rights separation reform (TRSR) has laid a concrete foundation institutionally to guide the well-ordered transfer of farmland and promoting the development of urbanization. With the new economics of labour migration (hereinafter referred to as the NELM) theory as the analytic basis, this empirical research investigates the potential ramifications of off-farm employment on land efficiency with household-based survey data from four provinces in China after TRSR. Unlike existing studies, we delve into how the effects are manifested differently among the types of off-farm employment by adopting an ordinary least squares (OLS) model and a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator. It provides evidence that migration positively affect land efficiency significantly, whereas a negative impact of local off-farm employment on land efficiency is observed, which distinct this study from previous findings. From the perspective of policy-making, land administrators should realize that off-farm employment differentiation is an important factor affecting land efficiency, and therefore needs to be fully considered in policy-making. Meanwhile, the establishment of local labor markets and favorable policies that stimulate productive technologies are needed.


Heterogeneous effects of rural–urban migration and migrant earnings on land efficiency: Empirical evidence from China

April 2022

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24 Reads

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17 Citations

Land Use Policy

On the basis of the conceptual framework of the new economics of labour migration (NELM), this paper demonstrates the effects of rural–urban migration and migrant earnings on land efficiency supported by household-based survey data in six Chinese provinces. Unlike existing literature, we differentiated the effects according to the type of migration and household wealth concurrently. By adopting a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator and a recursive mixed-process model, we provide evidence that seasonal and permanent migration negatively affects land efficiency but with no significant difference between the two effects. Migrant earnings results in higher land efficiency, but the compensating effects fall with an increase in household wealth. Interactive analysis on the basis of three wealth groups also illustrates the large compensating effect in the group with less wealth and a descending trend in face of increase in household wealth, which further confirms the robustness of the results.



Citations (11)


... They were all critical human forces in developing social-ecological resilience. The results were similar to those of previous research [108]. It reflected the necessity of stimulating self-organization in the construction of rural humanity. ...

Reference:

Study on Pro-Environmental Behavior to Enhance Rural Social-Ecological Resilience: The Role of Place Identity and Social Cohesion as Mediating Mechanisms
Understanding and evaluating the resilience of rural human settlements with a social-ecological system framework: The case of Chongqing Municipality, China
  • Citing Article
  • January 2024

Land Use Policy

... The availability of the 17 most essential medicines at 82% appears notably high, compared to availability data from other large middle-income countries such as the Philippines (30,1%) Pakistan (35%), and India (41,3%),. [23][24][25][26] Availability was even higher (85%) in the three most densely populated regions of the country, where a large majority (>95%) of the population lives. The Indonesian government has succeeded in achieving this high availability while bringing down the prices of publicly procured medicines to levels that are low by international standards. ...

Global, regional and national availability of essential medicines for children, 2009–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Public Health

... It was found that the median affordability of essential medicines in China was equal to 0.88 day's wage for the lowest-paid unskilled government worker. This suggests that essential medi cines would become unaffordable if they cost more than the equivalent of one day's wage for the lowest-paid unskilled government worker [28]. ...

The price and affordability of essential medicines, progress and regional distribution in China: a systematic review

... 15 In 2023, a systematic review concluded that the availability of essential medicines during the previous decade in China was low and varied across regions. 16 However, little research has been conducted on access to essential anticancer medicines for children in China, with some reports restricted to only one province. 17 Moreover, there is a lack of national data. ...

Availability of essential medicines, progress and regional distribution in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis

... It is also the core function of the national medication policy. Some authors have studied the accessibility of essential medications for children in China (5,6). However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on the influencing factors, and a machine learning model to predict medication availability for children has not yet been developed. ...

Access to medicines for children in China

... Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has gained popularity among scholars due to its non-parametric calculation method and unrestricted production function. Researches primarily focused on the efficiency of resource utilization, including water [53], land [54], energy [55], carbon emission [56,57], and multi-resource systems like water-energy-food systems [58,59]. The DEA model for efficiency measurement has undergone several developmental processes. ...

Assessing the impact of off-farm employment on land efficiency in different patterns: Field evidence from post-reform China

... Prior studies have adopted three main methods to measure ULUE, which can be summarized as the unit land output evaluation method, the multi-index comprehensive evaluation method and the efficiency measurement model based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) (Farrell, 1957). As for the unit land output evaluation method, the economic function of urban land has naturally become the focus of attention and the economic output per unit of land is always used as the indicator to measure ULUE (Kaur & Garg, 2019;Koroso et al., 2020;Zhao & Jiang, 2022). For example, Zhao and Jiang (2022) used the ratio of annual profit from agriculture to land area of each household to measure land use efficiency. ...

Heterogeneous effects of rural–urban migration and migrant earnings on land efficiency: Empirical evidence from China
  • Citing Article
  • April 2022

Land Use Policy

... By investigating the QQ − CoVaR, this paper not only obtains a more robust risk spillover measure, but also facilitates the examination of the characteristics of nonlinear systemic risks in each market. In addition, although some studies have addressed the risk-related networks of financial markets in the Asia-Pacific region [29][30][31], few visualize the systemic risk of quantile regression neural networks. The findings of this paper should make an important contribution to the field of capturing systemic risk spillovers among financial markets and recognition of risk sources. ...

Policy uncertainty spillovers and financial risk contagion in the Asia-Pacific network
  • Citing Article
  • April 2021

Pacific-Basin Finance Journal

... When determining the scope of resettlement compensation for the PWRH, it is essential to consider not only the houses and ancillary facilities on the homestead but also the income value derived from the usage rights of the homestead. Secondly, elevating the compensation standard is more likely to encourage farmers to relinquish their homesteads [69]. The withdrawal compensation criteria should be scientifically devised by referencing elements such as land acquisition prices in the district. ...

The endowment effect accompanying villagers' withdrawal from rural homesteads: Field evidence from Chengdu, China
  • Citing Article
  • February 2021

Land Use Policy

... Agricultural production is typically organized on a household basis, with the household head generally playing a decisive role in decisions regarding the adoption of green production technologies. Drawing on the methods of dividing farm household generations used by other scholars [55], this paper classifies farmers based on their birth years: those born in 1980 or later are classified as younger-generation farmers; those born between 1965 and 1979 are middle-generation farmers; and those born before 1965 are older-generation farmers. The regression results in Table 10 indicate that digital literacy significantly influences the adoption of green production technologies among middle-generation farmers, but has no significant effect on younger-generation or older-generation farmers. ...

Farmer differentiation, generational differences and farmers’ behaviors to withdraw from rural homesteads: Evidence from chengdu, China
  • Citing Article
  • September 2020

Habitat International