Yonghua Song's research while affiliated with University of Macau and other places
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Publications (347)
In recent years, the green hydrogen production via water electrolysis has acquired significant attention, and the dynamic operation of electrolysis stacks has become a crucial research area. The electric double-layer capacitance (EDLC) is the primary factor indicating the performance of the stack and affecting the dynamic behavior of the electrolys...
The integration of a high proportion of intermittent renewable energy sources and the continuous fluctuation of loads in power systems have created an urgent need for flexible reserves. It has been demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that high-speed trains (HSTs), with booming electricity consumption, can flexibly change their speed...
Large-scale centralized development of wind and solar energy and peer-to-grid transmission of renewable energy source (RES) via high voltage direct current (HVDC) has been regarded as one of the most promising ways to achieve goals of peak carbon and carbon neutrality in China. Traditionally, large-scale thermal generation is needed to economically...
Isolated renewable power to ammonia (IRePtA) has been recognized as a promising way to decarbonize the chemical industry. Optimal sizing of the renewable power system is significant to improve the techno-economic of IRePtA since the investment of power sources exceeds 80\% of the total investment. However, multi-timescale electricity, hydrogen, and...
With the increasing penetration of local renewable energy and flexible demand, the system demand is more unpredictable and causes network overloading, resulting in costly system investment. Although the energy storage (ES) helps reduce the system peak power flow, the incentive for ES operation is not sufficient to reflect its value on the system in...
Renewable power to ammonia (RePtA) is a prominent zero-carbon pathway for decarbonization. Due to the imbalance between renewables and production energy demand, the RePtA system relies on the electricity exchange with the power grid. Participating in the electricity market as a virtual power plant (VPP) may help to reduce energy costs. However, the...
A 3D multiphysics model is built and verified with segmented SOEC experiments.
ANN surrogate models are built for the rapid prediction of SOEC performances.
Relationships between conflicting objectives are quantified by Pareto fronts.
Optimized operating parameters are chosen to balance efficiency and homogeneity.
Thermal management is vital for the efficient and safe operation of alkaline electrolysis systems. Traditional alkaline electrolysis systems use simple proportional–integral–differentiation (PID) controllers to maintain the stack temperature near the rated value. However, in renewable-to-hydrogen scenarios, the stack temperature is disturbed by loa...
The extreme weather disaster is a main threat to the operation of integrated electricity and heat systems (IEHSs), particularly the cold wave, which is prone to cause surges in regional demand for heat and electricity. In IEHSs, Internet data centers (IDCs) consume a huge amount of electricity and generate waste heat. The former can be regulated sp...
With the increasing penetration of hydrogen energy into energy systems, active distribution networks (ADNs) can operate more flexibly and resiliently. Under extreme events, the hydrogen-penetrated ADN (HADN) can be islanded as microgrids (MGs) by fully exploiting the distributed generators and hydrogen energy. To achieve this target, in this work,...
Scheduling flexible sources to promote the integration of renewable generation is one fundamental problem for operating active distribution networks (ADNs). However, existing works are usually based on power flow models, which require network parameters (e.g., topology and line impedance) that may be unavailable in practice. To address this issue,...
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are well proved to be capable to provide operating reserve for power systems. As a type of large-capacity and energy-efficient HVAC system (up to 100 MW), district cooling system (DCS) is emerging in modern cities and has huge potential to be regulated as a flexible load. However, strategica...
With the development of integrated electricity and gas markets (IEGM), the participation of multi-energy demands (MEDs) is an effective measure to achieve a win-win goal of market efficiency improvement and demand cost reduction. The MEDs, composed of terminal users and energy conversion equipment (ECE), can adjust purchased electricity and gas wit...
Three-dimensional (3D) multiphysics models are powerful tools for investigating the distributions of physical quantities such as temperature inside solid oxide cell (SOC) stacks, but their high computational cost remains an obstacle to their application in simulating industrial-scale stacks with tens of cells. To accelerate the simulation for the 3...
As the diversification of frequency regulation resources, it is increasingly important to find a load frequency control (LFC) scheme that can effectively coordinate different resources. This paper proposes a coordinated but differentiated LFC control method that utilizes heterogeneous frequency regulation resources with their characteristics fully...
Operating reserve, among the most important ancillary services, is a powerful prescription for mitigating increasing uncertainty of renewable generation. Traditional reserve determination neglects uncertainty of renewable generation variations within the dispatch interval, which cannot gurantee sufficient reserve deliverability in real-time operati...
The interdependency among the electricity, gas, heat, and cooling energy systems is ever-increasing. The flexible energy utilization patterns on the demand side and gas flow dynamics in the transmission system bring both opportunities and challenges to the reliable operation of integrated energy systems (IES). For example, if the electricity supply...
Converting renewable energy into ammonia has been recognized as a promising way to realize “green hydrogen substitution” in the chemical industry. However, renewable power to ammonia (RePtA) requires an essential investment in facilities to provide a buffer against the strong volatility of renewable energy and the limited flexibility of ammonia syn...
Renewable power to ammonia (RePtA) is a prominent zero-carbon pathway for decarbonization. Due to the imbalance between renewables and production energy demand, the RePtA system relies on electricity exchange with the power grid. Participating in the electricity market as a virtual power plant (VPP) may help to reduce energy costs. However, the pow...
Demand-side users are practical and economical resources for participating in voltage regulation of distribution networks, whose regulation effect is closely related to the price. This paper proposes a novel voltage-price coupling (VPC) mechanism to construct a fair voltage-based nodal pricing method for distribution networks to encourage demand-si...
To guarantee the individual benefits of different system operators in the optimal power flow of transmission-distribution-coupled (TDC) systems, a generalized Nash game (GNG) model is proposed, under which transmission system operators (TSOs) and distribution system operators (DSOs) optimize their non-cooperative objectives in a coordinated manner....
Rapidly increasing distributed energy resources (DERs) bring more fluctuating output power to the distribution network and put forward a higher requirement on local regulation resources for maintaining the network's balance. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) loads account for more than 40% of power consumption in modern cities and h...
The residential air conditioners (RACs) are increasing rapidly in urban power systems and have been widely considered as good regulation resources for improving the system flexibility and resiliency. However, in practical power systems, it is difficult to comprehensively acquire millions of RACs’ operating data and buildings’ thermal data, which ma...
With the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy, peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions among small scale consumers become possible. However, it remains challenging to maintain the operational security of distribution networks in P2P transactions. This paper proposes a novel integrated transaction and operation model to realize P2P transac...
The boom of fluctuating renewable energies puts forward higher requirements on reserve capacity for maintaining the power system balance. To address this issue, this letter investigates a novel distributed event-triggered consensus control (ETCC) method of large-scale inverter air conditioners (IACs) for demand response, which can achieve the same...
Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are ideal demand-side flexible resources to provide regulation services. However, finding the best hourly regulation capacity offers for HVAC systems in a power market ahead of time is challenging because they are affected by non-Gaussian uncertainties from regulation signals. Moreover, sinc...
Dynamic power control of wind farms (WFs) is necessary to provide automatic generation control (AGC) services for the power system. However, cooperative WF control for AGC remains a great challenge because of the nonlinear and high-dimensional nature of the wake flow dynamics. To address this challenge, this article proposes a model predictive cont...
Inhomogeneous current and temperature distributions are harmful to the durability of the solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC). Segmented SOEC experiments reveal that a high steam utilization, which is favorable for system efficiency, leads to local steam starvation and enhanced the inhomogeneity. It is necessary to consider inhomogeneity and effici...
Electrolysis systems use proportional-integral-derivative (PID) temperature controllers to maintain stack temperatures around set points. However, heat transfer delays in electrolysis systems cause manual tuning of PID temperature controllers to be time-consuming, and temperature oscillations often occur. This paper focuses on the design of the PID...
With the urgent requirement of the utilization of renewable energy (RE) for the decarbonization of energy systems, power transmission via high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines shows limits in the face of fluctuations of RE generation. This paper addresses the coordinated planning of HVDCs and power-to-hydrogen supply chains (P2HSCs) for RE utili...
With the rapid growth of intermittent renewable energy sources, it is critical to ensure that renewable power generators have the capability to perform primary frequency response (PFR). This paper proposes a framework for using a shared battery energy storage system (BESS) to undertake the PFR obligations for multiple wind and photovoltaic (PV) pow...
Fast charging is a promising method of energy refueling for electric vehicles (EVs), significantly shortening the refueling time to a level comparable with traveling and queuing times, which consequently will highly influence the decision of charging places for EV users. Multiple charging service providers (CSPs) are participating in the investment...
Rapidly increasing renewable energies bring more fluctuations to the power system and put forward higher requirement on operating reserve for maintaining the system balance. Traditional generating units are phasing out and may be insufficient to satisfy this reserve requirement in the near future. Therefore, much attention is paid to demand-side re...
Modern power grid has a fundamental role in the operation of smart cities. However, high impact low probability extreme events bring severe challenges to the security of urban power grid. With an increasing focus on these threats, the resilience of urban power grid has become a prior topic for a modern smart city. A resilient power grid can resist,...
Scheduling flexible sources to promote the integration of renewable generation is one fundamental problem for operating active distribution networks (ADNs). However, existing works are usually based on power flow models, which require network parameters (e.g., topology and line impedance) that may be unavailable in practice. To address this issue,...
The increasing frequency of major energy outages in recent years has significantly affected millions of people around the world, raising extensive concerns about enhancing infrastructure resilience to withstand and quickly recover from disasters. However, the post-disaster recovery of infrastructure functionality has been hindered by the lack of in...
To better respond to the impact of power system-uncertain parameters on transient stability, a novel model named the parametric transient stability constrained optimal power flow (parametric TSCOPF) is proposed. It seeks the optimal control scheme of transient stability constrained optimal power flow (TSCOPF) expressed by the function of uncertain...
The increasing renewable energies bring more generation fluctuations to power systems, which puts forward a higher requirement on regulation services for maintaining the system balance. Existing traditional generating units probably cannot provide sufficient regulation services to solve this challenge. With the progress of information and communica...
This paper develops deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms for optimizing the operation of home energy system which consists of photovoltaic (PV) panels, battery energy storage system, and household appliances. Model-free DRL algorithms can efficiently handle the difficulty of energy system modeling and uncertainty of PV generation. However,...
Joint chance-constrained optimal power flow (JCC-OPF) is a promising tool to manage uncertainties from distributed renewable generation. However, most existing works are based on power flow equations, which require accurate network parameters that may be unobservable in many distribution systems. To address this issue, this paper proposes a learnin...
With the expanding share of fluctuating renewable energy, the conventional flexible resources provided by the supply side can no longer deal with the energy imbalance. On the demand side, distributed multi-energy systems with process industry (DMSPI) composed of the district energy supply system (DESS) and the process industry load (PIL) have treme...
Thermal management is vital for the efficient and safe operation of alkaline electrolysis systems. Traditional alkaline electrolysis systems use simple proportional-integral-differentiation (PID) controllers to maintain the stack temperature near the rated value. However, in renewable-to-hydrogen scenarios, the stack temperature is disturbed by loa...
Green hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) is a promising alternative in the transportation sector. However, high hydrogen costs hinder progress. An on‐site hydrogen refueling station (OHRS) can avoid hydrogen transportation and participate in the market to reduce costs. In the forward market, it can lock in inexpensive electricity in advance; mea...
With the growing penetration of distributed renewable energy, distributed control approaches are widely utilized in voltage control of active distribution networks (ADNs), suffering from limited applicability for control devices or heavy communication burden. This paper develops an innovative distributed
voltage control strategy of ADNs with global...
Heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are ideal demand-side flexible resources to provide regulation services. However, finding the best hourly regulation capacity offers for HVAC systems in a power market ahead of time is challenging because they are affected by non-Gaussian uncertainties from regulation signals. Moreover, sinc...
Chance-constrained programming (CCP) is a promising approach to handle uncertainties in optimal power flow (OPF). However, conventional CCP usually assumes that uncertainties follow Gaussian distributions, which may not match reality. A few papers employed the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to extend CCP to cases with non-Gaussian uncertainties, but...
The hidden failures generally exist in power systems and could give rise to cascading failures. Identification of hidden failures is challenging due to very low occurrence probabilities. This paper proposes a state-failure-network (SF-net-work) method to overcome the difficulty. The SF-network is formed by searching the failures and states guided b...
In recent years, the penetration of hydrogen energy in energy systems has increased dramatically. Hydrogen energy and its related infrastructure, such as hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) and mobile fuel cell vehicles (MFCVs), exhibit great potential for enhancing the self-healing ability of DSs. In this work, a two-layer hierarchical strategy for...
The rapid development of renewable energy generation and demand side flexible resource makes the operation of distribution network and the organisation of power market facing greater uncertainty challenges. This paper proposes a novel receding horizon peer-to-peer energy transaction model based on the prediction intervals of renewable energy genera...
With the development of electric buses (EBs) in urban areas, how to effectively utilize their charging demand flexibility and the considerable energy stored in the on-board batteries becomes an urgent issue for the electric bus operator (EBO) to consider. This paper focuses on the bidding decision in energy and reserve markets for the urban EBO own...
The battery energy storage system (BESS) has been envisaged as an effective solution for renewable energy accommodation in power systems. However, the residual capacity and maximum power of large-scale BESS are highly affected by thermally-induced incidents such as battery degradation and Thermal Runaway (TR) propagation. In the prior-art studies,...
Probabilistic forecasting that quantifies the prediction uncertainties is crucial for decision-making in power systems. As a prevalent nonparametric probabilistic forecasting approach, traditional machine learning-based quantile regression encounters the quantile crossing problem. This paper proposes a novel ensemble deep learning based non-crossin...
With large-scale integration of renewable energy such as wind power, probabilistic analysis of optimal power flow becomes crucial for the decision-making of power systems. This paper proposes a novel data-driven integrated probabilistic forecasting and analysis (IPFA) methodology for the nonparametric probabilistic optimal power flow (N-POPF), whic...
Frequency response from load side is urgently desired to hedge against power volatility of renewable energy in modern power system. Electrified railway has become an important load due to the traffic electrification over the past few decades. In this paper, a novel laxity based adaptive frequency control method is proposed to integrate frequency co...
Electric spring (ES), as a new type of power electronic device, can flexibly regulate the voltage of noncritical load (NL) and improve the voltage quality of critical load (CL). It can further increase the energy savings of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) in active distribution networks (ADNs). However, the high-order nonlinearity of ESs stead...
Existing capacity-based network pricing uses discounted cash flows to calculate costs, unable to reflect the uncertainties and flexibilities in distribution networks. Such shortcoming could distort the cost-reflectivity of pricing signals, particularly those for renewables and flexible technologies, causing more constraints and curtailment issues i...
Joint chance-constrained optimal power flow (JCC-OPF) is a promising tool for managing distributed renewable generation uncertainties. However, existing works are usually based on power flow equations, which require accurate network parameters that may be unobservable in many distribution systems. To address this issue, this paper proposes a learni...
In some emerging Internet data center (IDC) projects, the waste heat dissipated from IT facilities is being captured and supplied to the district heating systems for energy efficiency concerns. From the perspective of electricity consumption and heat production, IDCs can be regarded as energy prosumers, whose spatial and temporal flexibility of ene...
With the growing penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources in power systems, it is a challenge for automatic generation control (AGC) to maintain the required control performance. In recent years, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have been installed in thermal power plants to provide frequency regulation service bundled with the...
District cooling system (DCS), a type of large-capacity air conditioning system that supplies cooling for multiple buildings, is an ideal resource to provide frequency regulation services for power systems. In order to provide high-quality services and maximize DCS’s revenue from the electricity market, an accurate estimation of DCS’s regulation ca...
Large-scale green hydrogen production system combining wind farms and electrolysis systems is an important way to low-carbon energy system. The flexible and fast ramping capability of the electrolysis system provides the possibility for a wind-electrolysis joint system (WEJS) to provide secondary frequency regulation (SFR) to reduce the production...
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are well proved to be capable to provide operating reserve for power systems. As a type of large-capacity and energy-efficient HVAC system (up to 100 MW), district cooling system (DCS) is emerging in modern cities and has huge potential to be regulated as a flexible load. However, strategica...
With the increasing penetration of renewable generation integrated into power networks, how to manage uncertainties in optimal power flow (OPF) has become a major concern for network operators. This paper proposes a joint chance-constrained OPF model to tackle uncertainties. This model jointly guarantees the satisfaction probability of all critical...
The stochastic differential equation (SDE)-based random process models of volatile renewable energy sources (RESs) jointly capture the evolving probability distribution and temporal correlation in continuous time. It has enabled recent studies to remarkably improve the performance of power system dynamic uncertainty quantification and optimization....
As an efficient tool for uncertainty quantification of wind power forecasting, prediction intervals (PIs) provide essential prognosis to power system operator. Merely improving the statistical quality of PIs with respect to calibration and sharpness cannot always contribute to the operational value for specific decision-making issue. In order to br...
With the increasing penetration of renewable energy, accurate and efficient probabilistic optimal power flow (POPF) calculation becomes more and more important to provide decision support for secure and economic operation of power systems. This paper develops a novel nonparametric probabilistic optimal power flow (N-POPF) model describing the proba...
To provide automatic generation control (AGC) service, wind farms (WFs) are required to control their operation dynamically to track the time-varying power reference. Wake effects impose significant aerodynamic interactions among turbines, which remarkably influence the WF dynamic power production. The nonlinear and high-dimensional nature of dynam...
Probabilistic load forecasting that provides uncertainty information involved in load forecasting is crucial for various decision-making tasks in power systems. This paper proposes a novel adaptive ensemble data driven (AEDD) approach for nonparametric probabilistic forecasting of electricity load by mining the uncertainty distribution from the his...
Prognostic is a potential tool for improving the durability of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which usually involves building a degradation model for prediction. However, the existing degradation models based on parallel constant operation datasets are inaccurate for integration with operation optimization and control problems of SOFCs under varyi...
With the improvement of traffic electrification, the coupling between power and transportation systems becomes more and more intensified. In this paper, electrified railway is firstly introduced into power system to support frequency regulation. A novel frequency regulation framework consisting of day-ahead capacity estimation, frequency control pa...
The railway power conditioner (RPC) based on the back-to-back modular multilevel converter (MMC), named multilevel hybrid RPC (MHRPC), was proposed to compensate for the power quality problems in traction power supply system (TPSS), such as negative sequence current, reactive power, and harmonics. Since TPSS is a 25 kV medium-voltage system, the ph...
The wake effect is one of the leading causes of energy losses in offshore wind farms (WFs). Both turbine placement and cooperative control can influence the wake interactions inside the WF and thus the overall WF power production. Traditionally, greedy control strategy is assumed in the layout design phase. To exploit the potential synergy between...
Alkaline electrolysis (AEL) is the most mature electrolysis technology and is widely used in large-scale power-to-gas scenarios. However, the loading range of AEL system is restricted by the minimum load, 10%–40% in general, which prevents system operation during low-load periods. This minimum load is caused by the flammable mixture formed by the i...
An iteration-variable-correction (IVC) based method is proposed for solving optimal power flow (OPF) of transmission-distribution-coupled (TDC) systems. First, a TDC system can be divided into a single coordinator and multiple agents. Then, the basic formulation, subproblem construction, and selection of iteration variables are given based on the c...
High-temperature electrolysis (HTE) systems are expected to operate with renewable sources as energy storage devices due to their high efficiency, reversibility and eco-friendliness. However, the high capital costs of stacks and heat management devices make capacity optimization of HTE systems necessary in the design phase. The current literature f...