Yomna Anan’s research while affiliated with Seattle Children’s Research Institute and other places

Background: Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adolescents experience barriers to receiving gender-affirming care. Delivering services in the pediatric primary care setting may help facilitate improved access. With this study, we aimed to explore TGD adolescents' and caregivers' experiences receiving primary care services and their perspectives regarding gender-affirming care delivery in pediatric primary care. Methods: TGD adolescents aged 14 to 17 and caregivers of TGD adolescents currently receiving gender-affirming medical care participated in 1-hour-long, semi-structured, individual, virtual interviews. Each interview was recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were then individually coded, and themes were generated iteratively by using a reflexive thematic analysis framework. Recruitment of each group continued until thematic saturation was reached. Results: A total of 33 participants (15 adolescents and 18 caregivers) completed interviews. Adolescent participants (mean age of 15.7 years) predominantly identified as transmasculine or trans male (73%), and caregiver participants were predominantly mothers (83.3%). Four themes were identified, which included (1) barriers, such as microaggressions and poor psychosocial support, (2) benefits, such as existing trusted relationships with primary care providers (PCPs) and convenience, (3) improvement strategies, such as training and interdisciplinary collaboration, and (4) opportunities for integrating primary care and specialty gender-affirming care. Conclusions: TGD adolescents and their caregivers reported previous negative interactions with PCPs; however, some desired to receive gender-affirming care in this setting, citing increased convenience, efficiency, and availability. Participants highlighted an ongoing need for further work to provide resources, education, and training to PCPs and their staff and improve PCP-to-specialist communication and collaboration.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to understand associations between low sleep duration (<8 hours) and positive mental health screens among adolescents (ages 13-18) seen for preventive visits in primary care. Methods: Data were from two randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of an electronic health risk behavior screening and feedback tool for adolescent preventive visits. Participants (n=601) completed screeners at baseline, 3-, and 6-months which included sleep duration in hours and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 screeners for depression and anxiety, respectively. Main analyses included adjusted logistic regressions testing associations between low sleep duration and positive mental health screens. Results: Adjusted models showed that low sleep duration was associated with significantly greater odds of a positive depression screen (OR=1.58, 95% CI: 1.06-2.37) but not with a positive anxiety screen or co-occurring positive depression and anxiety screens. However, follow-up analyses indicated an interaction between sleep duration and anxiety in the association with a positive depression screen, such that the association between low sleep and a positive depression screen was driven by those who did not screen positive for anxiety. Conclusions and implications: As pediatric primary care guidelines for sleep continue to evolve further research, training, and support for sleep screening are warranted to ensure effective early intervention for sleep and mental health problems during adolescence.

Background: Access to virtual care has increased since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, yet little is known about transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth's experiences and perspectives on receiving care via telemedicine. Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore these experiences to 1) inform necessary changes to the provision of pediatric gender-affirming care and 2) help providers and health systems determine if and how telemedicine should be made available post-pandemic. Methods: Youth (14-17) who completed a telemedicine visit in the Seattle Children's Gender Clinic were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview exploring perceived advantages/disadvantages of telemedicine and preferred visit modalities. Interview transcriptions were analyzed by two research team members using an inductive thematic analysis framework. Results: Fifteen TGD youth completed an interview. Commonly cited advantages of telemedicine were convenience and comfort with having visits in their own environments. Reported disadvantages included technical issues, discomfort with the impersonal nature, lack of familiarity with the platform, and privacy concerns. Overall, slightly more youth preferred in-person visits over telemedicine, referencing both specific characteristics of the clinical visit (i.e., initial vs. return, complexity) and proximity to the clinic as reasons for this preference. Although a plurality of TGD youth preferred in-person visits, they also recognized the value of telemedicine and the impact it may have in facilitating access to care. Conclusions: Given variations in needs and visit complexity, our study supports the provision of both in-person and telemedicine modalities as options for pediatric gender-affirming care.