Yi Jin’s research while affiliated with University of California, Irvine and other places

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Publications (32)


Flowchart of subjects through the study.
Test of within-participants contrast of response rate.
The results of repeated measure of ANOVA of the Cclusters of HDRS by ITT.
Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Different Parameters: A Randomized Double-Blinded Controlled Trial
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April 2021

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123 Reads

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15 Citations

Tingting Zhang

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Yi Jin

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Zhaorui Liu

Background: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proven to be safe and effective in treating major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the treatment parameters of rTMS are still divergent and need to be optimized further. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of rTMS in treating MDD with different parameters of stimulating frequency and location, and course of treatment. Methods: A total of 221 patients with MDD were recruited in the randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. All eligible patients were randomly assigned into four treatment groups: (1) 10 Hz in left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC) (n = 55), (2) 5 Hz in left DLPFC (n = 53), (3) 10 Hz in bilateral DLPFC (n = 57), and (4) 5 Hz in bilateral DLPFC (n = 56). The patients received treatment for 6 weeks and an additional 6-week optional treatment. The efficacies were evaluated by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 items (HDRS) and Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI). The trial is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry as ChiCTR-TRC-12002248. Results: The ANOVAs of HDRS scores up to 6 weeks and 12 weeks with repeated measure of time showed a significant effect of duration without statistical difference among four treatment groups and no significance when time was interacted with inter-group as well. The response rates up until the 5th week were significantly different with the previous week. Conclusions: It concludes that there were no statistical differences in the efficacy of rTMS between unilateral left and bilateral DLPFC, and between 5 and 10 Hz for treating MDD.

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A randomized double-blinded sham-controlled trial of α electroencephalogram-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder

February 2014

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104 Reads

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63 Citations

Chinese Medical Journal

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a highly prevalent and devastating psychiatric condition. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a potential and non-invasive treatment for OCD. Diverse efficacies of rTMS have been reported in different locations or frequencies of the stimulation. The main objective of this study was to assess the treatment effect for OCD with alpha electroencephalogram (αEEG)-guided TMS over dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally. There were 25 OCD patients in the αTMS treatment group and 21 OCD patients in the sham control group. Each subject received 10 daily treatment sessions (5 days a week). The αTMS group had significant reduction in scores of Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAMA) compared with the control group at the end of 2-week treatment and 1-week follow-up. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to test the effects between the two groups. Significant difference in scores of obsession and HAMA were found between the two groups after treatment. No significant difference in scores of Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was found between the two groups after the treatment, but statistical significance was shown at the end of 1-week follow-up. αEEG-guided TMS may be an effective treatment for OCD and related anxiety. Delayed response to αTMS in depression suggests that it might be secondary to the improvement of primary response in OCD and anxiety.


Gating of a novel brain potential is associated with perceptual anomalies in bipolar disorder

March 2013

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246 Reads

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8 Citations

Bipolar Disorders

Objectives: Our laboratory recently identified the P85 gating ratio as a candidate biomarker for bipolar disorder. In order to evaluate the phenomenological significance of P85 gating, the current study examined reports of perceptual anomalies and their relationship to the P50 and P85 physiological measures of sensory gating. Methods: Reports of perceptual anomalies on the Structured Clinical Interview to Assess Perceptual Anomalies were compared in patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for paranoid schizophrenia (n = 66), schizoaffective disorder (n = 45), or bipolar I disorder (n = 42), and controls (n = 56), as well as their relationship with P85 and P50 gating. Results: The bipolar disorder group reported significantly more auditory, visual, and total anomalies than both the schizophrenia and control groups. The schizophrenia group also had more anomalies than the control group. Comparison of psychiatric subgroups revealed that the bipolar depressed, bipolar disorder with psychosis, and schizoaffective bipolar type groups reported the most anomalies compared to the other patient groups (bipolar disorder without psychosis, schizoaffective, bipolar manic). The total perceptual anomalies score and the P85 ratio significantly differentiated the bipolar disorder, schizoaffective, and paranoid schizophrenia groups from each other. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence of the phenomenological significance of P85. The results also yield further support not only for the P85 ratio, but also for increased reports of perceptual anomalies as possible markers for bipolar disorder.


Figure 2 Changes in longitudinal (Fz-Pz) coherence at the peak alpha frequency. Y axis indicates the changes score [(end of studybaseline) / baseline].
Figure 3 Changes in alpha EEG frequency selectivity (Q factor). Y axis indicates the changes score [(end of study -baseline) / baseline].
Alpha EEG guided TMS in schizophrenia

October 2011

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376 Reads

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49 Citations

Brain Stimulation

Alpha EEG guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (αTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has shown promising efficacy for treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE/ HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of the current investigation was to test (1) the therapeutic effect in other domains of symptoms of schizophrenia and (2) the specificity of stimulus location. The hypothesis to be tested was that global alpha EEG normalization after αTMS would help improve the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia, regardless of the site of stimulation. Seventy-eight patients with schizophrenia were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study with four study groups: frontal αTMS, parietal αTMS, frontal sham, and parietal sham. Patients received daily treatment for 10 days and clinical evaluations at day 5 and 10. The stimulus rate and intensity were determined by individual's characteristic alpha frequency and motor threshold (80%). Positive and general psychotic symptoms improved significantly after αTMS (P < 0.02). Frontal and parietal αTMS had similar effects (P = 0.48). (3) αTMS with concomitant typical neuroleptics treatment had greater efficacy than atypical neuroleptics (P < 0.04). Degree of EEG normalization as measured by increase in Q factor was highly associated with the improvement in all three domains of symptoms of schizophrenia (P < 0.04). Alpha EEG normalization after treatment with αTMS may directly subserve the processes underlying clinical improvements in schizophrenia. Nonetheless, given the confound of possible unblinding of participants because of an inactive sham control, the current results should be considered preliminary until replicated further.


An initial report of a new biological marker for bipolar disorder: P85 evoked brain potential

October 2009

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150 Reads

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19 Citations

Bipolar Disorders

Progress toward understanding the neurobiological and genetic underpinnings of bipolar disorder has been limited by the scarcity of potential biological markers that predict its occurrence. A measure of the integrity of brain inhibitory function, sensory gating, measured using the amplitude of the evoked potential at 50 ms to the first of two paired clicks divided by the response to the second, has been characterized as a biological marker for schizophrenia. Currently, no such biological marker exists for bipolar disorder. The goal of this research was to determine how gating of an auditory brain potential at 85 ms (P85), not previously examined in sensory gating studies, differentiated control and patient groups. P50 and P85 auditory evoked potentials were collected from individuals diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder (n = 45), paranoid schizophrenia (n = 66), and bipolar I disorder (n = 42) using DSM-IV criteria and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; and from 56 healthy controls. The P85 gating ratio was significantly larger in the bipolar disorder group compared to each of the other groups (F(3,204) = 5.47, p = 0.001, and post-hoc tests). The P50 gating ratio was significantly larger for the schizoaffective group than for the control group (F(3,204) = 2.81, p = 0.040), but did not differ from the ratio for the schizophrenia, paranoid type (p = 0.08) and bipolar groups. The previously unstudied P85 gating ratio may provide a new marker specific to bipolar disorder. The findings will promote further studies to investigate the unique contribution of this measure as an endophenotype.



P50 sensory gating ratios in schizophrenics and controls: A review and data analysis

April 2008

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338 Reads

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342 Citations

Psychiatry Research

Many studies have found that the P50 sensory gating ratio in a paired click task is smaller in normal control subjects than in patients with schizophrenia, indicating more effective sensory gating. However, a wide range of gating ratios has been reported in the literature for both groups. The purpose of this study was to compile these findings and to compare reported P50 gating ratios in controls and patients with schizophrenia. Current data collected from individual controls in eight studies from the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Indiana University (IU), and Yale University also are reported. The IU, UCI, and Yale data showed that approximately 40% of controls had P50 ratios within 1 S.D. below the mean of means for patients with schizophrenia. The meta-analysis rejected the null hypothesis that all studies showed no effect. The meta-analysis also showed that the differences were not the same across all studies. The mean ratios in 45 of the 46 group comparisons were smaller for controls than for patients, and the observed difference in means was significant for 35 of those studies. Reported gating ratios for controls from two laboratories whose findings were reported in the literature differed from all the other control groups. Variables affecting the gating ratio included band pass filter setting, rules regarding the inclusion of P30, sex, and age. Standards of P50 collection and measurement would help determine whether the gating ratio can be sufficiently reliable to be labeled an endophenotype, and suggestions are made toward this goal.


Alpha EEG predicts visual reaction time

October 2006

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236 Reads

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53 Citations

The International journal of neuroscience

Studies have suggested that consciousness is encoded discretely in time and synchronously in space of the brain. The present study was to model the alpha EEG as a brain clock to carry out the functions and to test whether the quality and rate of the oscillation could predict behavioral timing. Results showed that the alpha peak frequency was correlated with the conflict reaction time, and the selectivity was associated with the simple reaction time. These findings are consistent with previous reports and support the hypothesis that alpha EEG represents excitability cycles and may serves as a brain clock for spatial synchronization.


Fig. 1. Clinical response to rTMS at 3 Hz ( n 5 9), 20 Hz ( n 5 9), alpha frequency ( n 5 11), and sham ( n 5 8) immediately following 2 weeks of treatment (Week 2) and after an additional 2 weeks following end of treatment (Week 4). The level of response is shown as percent decrease (improvement) from baseline Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative symptom subscale scores. 
Fig. 2. Percent improvements in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative symptom subscale were significantly correlated with changes in the alpha band (a: 8-13 Hz) EEG in the frontal cortex of those patients receiving the individualized aTMS. Such correlations were not found for any of the other treatment groups or cortical regions examined.
Therapeutic Effects of Individualized Alpha Frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( TMS) on the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

August 2006

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201 Reads

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161 Citations

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Previous research in clinical electroencephalography (EEG) has demonstrated that reduction of alpha frequency (8-13 Hz) EEG activity may have particular relevance to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) was utilized to investigate this relationship by assessing the therapeutic effects of stimulation set individually at each subject's peak alpha frequency (alphaTMS). Twenty-seven subjects, with predominantly negative symptom schizophrenia, received 2 weeks of daily treatment with either alphaTMS, 3 Hz, 20 Hz, or sham stimulation bilaterally over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Individualized alphaTMS demonstrated a significantly larger (F (3,33) = 4.7, p = .007) therapeutic effect (29.6% reduction in negative symptoms) than the other 3 conditions (< 9%). Furthermore, these clinical improvements were found to be highly correlated (r = 0.86, p = .001) with increases (34%) in frontal alpha amplitude following alphaTMS. These results affirm that the resonant features of alpha frequency EEG play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and merit further investigation as a particularly efficacious frequency for rTMS treatments.


A PET study of the pathophysiology of negative symptoms in schizophrenia Positron emission tomography

March 2002

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54 Reads

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132 Citations

American Journal of Psychiatry

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to compare cerebral metabolic patterns in schizophrenic subjects with predominantly negative symptoms (alogia, affective flattening, avolition, and attentional impairment) and in those with predominantly positive symptoms. Fourteen right-handed male subjects with DSM-IV schizophrenia were assigned to groups with predominantly negative or predominantly positive symptoms on the basis of their post-drug-washout scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. The patients were compared to seven age- and gender-matched normal volunteers. PET scans with [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose were obtained during a degraded Continuous Performance Task to measure absolute glucose metabolic rates. Statistical parametric mapping was used to estimate the regional metabolic differences between groups. The subjects with predominantly negative symptoms had significant differences in glucose metabolic rates, compared to both the subjects with predominantly positive symptoms and the normal subjects. Negative symptom subjects had a lower glucose metabolic rate in the right hemisphere, especially in the temporal and ventral prefrontal cortices, compared to the other groups, and higher metabolic rates in the cerebellar cortex and in the lower deep cerebellar nuclei. Negative symptom subscale scores were negatively correlated with glucose metabolic rates for most of the brain areas that differentiated subjects with predominantly negative symptoms from those with predominantly positive symptoms. Schizophrenic subjects with predominantly negative symptoms have greater metabolic abnormalities than subjects with predominantly positive symptoms, particularly in frontal, temporal, and cerebellar circuitry. These results are consistent with abnormalities in corticocortical, corticobasal ganglia, mesocortical dopamine, and cerebellar-thalamic-prefrontal circuits, which may underlie the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.


Citations (25)


... Biological markers could be utilized to show how treatment affects brain function and provide information about therapeutic response pathways in subgroups of people, which could help clinicians make better treatment decisions. Recent meta-analyses have shown that high frequency rTMS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC), low frequency rTMS to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (RDLPFC), and to a lesser extent bilateral rTMS [7] are more effective than sham for the acute treatment of moderately resistant depressive disorders. rTMS is a therapy option that is readily available in specialist treatment centers and has none of the systemic side effects associated with antidepressant drugs, according to current knowledge [8]. ...

Reference:

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Therapy in Mood Disorders and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Different Parameters: A Randomized Double-Blinded Controlled Trial

... Patients with schizophrenia who exhibit predominantly negative symptoms may demonstrate more significant metabolic abnormalities in the brain compared to those with predominantly positive symptoms. A PET study suggested that disrupted emotional expression associated with negative symptoms could be linked to lower glucose metabolism in the ventral prefrontal and orbital cortex (Potkin et al., 2002). Additionally, abnormalities in protein expressions and synaptic integrity have also been reported. ...

A PET Study of the Pathophysiology of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
  • Citing Article
  • February 2002

American Journal of Psychiatry

... Negative symptoms worsened as shown by a mean increase of 21 percent on the SANS from baseline with 50 mg/day of D-cycloserine. In the other study using glycine as an adjunctive, Potkin et al. (1997) randomized 24 schizophrenia patients to either placebo or glycine for a 12-week period. A significantly greater improvement in positive symptoms was noted with the placebo group while no difference in negative symptoms was found. ...

Clinical and brain imaging effects of adjunctive high dose glycine with clozapine in schizophrenia
  • Citing Article
  • March 1997

Schizophrenia Research

... Our review included thirteen studies focusing on this circuit, with nine employing TMS to stimulate the DLPFC and four targeting the preSMA. The studies varied, targeting the right DLPFC, left DLPFC, or both sides [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] . ...

A randomized double-blinded sham-controlled trial of α electroencephalogram-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder
  • Citing Article
  • February 2014

Chinese Medical Journal

... Algunos estudios mostraron que el nivel de arousal puede afectar la memoria de corto y largo plazo (Moayeri et al., 2010) y la memoria emocional no es la excepción (Justel et al., 2013). El nivel de excitación o arousal puede interferir en cada una de las etapas de procesamiento de la información, es decir adquisición (presencia de factores emocionales antes o durante el aprendizaje de información, Tambini et al., 2017), consolidación o almacenamiento (ante la presencia de factores emocionales después del aprendizaje de información, Shields et al., 2017); recuperación (ante la presencia de factores emocionales antes o durante la evocación de información, LaBar y Cabeza, 2006) así como reconsolidación (luego de la reactivación de la traza mnémica, Piñeyro et al., 2018). ...

Relative sparing of emotionally influenced memory in Alzheimer's disease
  • Citing Article
  • March 2000

Neuroreport

... Since executive dysfunction is the most critical cognitive impairment, it is especially important to study the characteristics of EEG signals in schizophrenia patients during executive function tasks. Many executive function tasks have been widely studied in schizophrenia patients [17,18]. Executive functions are divided into two types, i.e., a cool executive function that may be associated with relatively abstract and decontextualized tasks, and a hot executive function that uses a high degree of emotional involvement [19]. ...

Electrophysiology of differential cognitive load: An EEG study examining the frontal cortex
  • Citing Article
  • March 1997

Schizophrenia Research

... Notably, the majority of studies using the measure have been conducted in psychosis spectrum disorders, as the SGI was originally developed to tap the experiential and phenomenological dimensions described by McGhie and Chapman. 1 Aberrant perceptual experiences, including deficits in sensory processing and selective attention, are a characteristic feature of psychotic illness, demonstrated in seminal behavioral and physiological studies in the early 1900s. [12][13][14] McGhie and Chapman clarified these experimental phenomena, reasoning that patients with schizophrenia exhibit (1) disturbances in perception, including heightened sensory vividness in auditory and visual domains 15 ; and ...

Gating of a novel brain potential is associated with perceptual anomalies in bipolar disorder
  • Citing Article
  • March 2013

Bipolar Disorders

... The EEG methodology is better suited for recording longer periods of sleep, as it is very difficult for most people to sleep more than an hour in the scanner, not because of the noise (there are sophisticated noise-cancelling systems) but because the head is fixated and is not allowed to move. Hong et al. (1996), for example, found a correlation between brain activity over the Wernicke and Broca areas if the person is talking or listening to speech -again, the brain activity measured prior to awaking and obtaining the dream report. Siclari et al. (2017) were able to replicate this finding using high-density EEG; 4 to 2 seconds prior to awakening, there was activity in the Wernicke area if the dream report included some form of speech. ...

Language in Dreaming and Regional EEG Alpha Power

Sleep

... Especially in epilepsy diagnosis (Haghighi and Markazi, 2017;Johns, 2014;Peltola et al., 2023), it is a frequently used method. Moreover, IPS has been applied in autism spectrum disorders (Lazarev et al., 2009;Vetri et al., 2022;Xue et al., 2018), schizophrenia (Portnova and Maslennikova, 2023;Rice et al., 1989), and migraine (Shiina et al., 2018), among others. A focus of the use of IPS in patient groups is the characterization of the current state of the brain and, specifically, the cortical excitability. ...

EEG alpha photic driving abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia
  • Citing Article
  • January 1990

Psychiatry Research