Yaffa Shir-Raz's research while affiliated with University of Haifa and other places

... 17 Sledeći ovu preporuku, pojedine države su u jednom periodu proglasile obaveznu vakcinaciju protiv COVID-19 za sve građane (Austrija, Tadžikistan, Turkmenistan, Mikronezija, Indonezija, Ekvador), odnosno za starije osobe (Italija, Grčka i Malezija) ili za maloletna lica (Kostarika) (Buchholz, 2022). 18 U mnogim drugim državama ova obaveza je uvedena za zdravstvene radnike (Stokel-Walker, 2021;Elisha et al., 2022) i/ili određene druge profesije koje zahtevaju visok nivo kontakta sa ljudima (Rothstein, Parmet and Rubinstein Reiss, 2021). Pojedine države zvanično nisu proglasile ovakvu obavezu, no usvojile su toliko stroge mere da su time de facto primorale neodlučne da se vakcinišu (npr. ...

... In particular, in October 2020, several prominent epidemiologists proposed that alternative strategies should be developed to provide 'focused protection' to those at the greatest risk [37], e.g., the elderly and those with comorbidities who are at greater risk of severe disease outcomes, including hospitalisation, critical illness, and death [4], with the intention to let those at lesser risk achieve 'herd immunity' through infection [37]. However, this recommendation was dismissed as "a dangerous fallacy unsupported by scientific evidence" [36] and it later transpired was actively suppressed by prominent scientists involved in government advisory roles [38]. Instead, most continued with the original 'multipronged population-level strategies' [36]. ...

... Vaccines are given to large population of healthy individuals; therefore, constant safety surveillance is a priority. Open debate on vaccine untoward reactions should not be taken as an anti-vaccine crusade (64). ...

... While the history of immunization abounds with heroic stories about the eradication of many infectious diseases, it also presents evidence of unethical and sometimes immoral experiments , biases, conflict of interests and even scams in clinical trials of vaccines (e.g., Doshi, 2013;Cernic, 2018;Holland, Rosenberg, Iorio, 2018;Jorgensen et al., 2018;Gøtzsche, 2020). Nevertheless, physicians and researchers who point to safety issues with vaccines are often subjected to personal and professional attacks and negatively labelled as "vaccine opponents" or "anti-vaxxers" (Martin, 2015;Vernon, 2017;Elisha et al., 2021). ...

... In academic and practitioner debates about disinformation and fake news 1 , the main actors are generally cast as shadowy individuals or organisations, working to unseat democracy and outside the spectrum of ethically acceptable communication. This obscures the fact that 'organised lying' -the intentional, systemic dissemination of falsehoods by groups, organisations and institutions -has long been part of political life (Arendt, 1968), and the tools used to create and promote disinformation come directly from the mainstream stable of promotional tactics, dating back to the days of propaganda and public opinion manipulation (Bernays, 2005(Bernays, [1928 ;Corner, 2007;Demetrious, 2019;Mayhew, 1997;Ong ORGANISED LYING AND PUBLIC RELATIONS LEGITIMACY 2 and Cabanes, 2018;Shir-Raz and Avraham, 2017). Lobbying and political communication have faced significant public and academic criticism (see, e.g. ...

... In countries where the model of prenatal care is shared between multiple professionals, a lack of clarity around vaccine roles was frequently identified. A study of 870 providers in Israel identified a lack of clarity in vaccine roles when multiple professionals were involved, lack of ability to store vaccines on site, and lack of time as the three most important barriers to vaccination during pregnancy (Gesser-Edelsburg et al., 2017). Similarly, a qualitative study in Australia identified lack of clarity in vaccine roles, and the need to refer women to their GP to be vaccinated as important barriers to maternal immunization (Webb et al., 2014). ...

... Parents may refuse vaccination due to psychological problems, distrust of the vaccine, political reasons and social decisions (Berry et al., 2017). Parents who are hesitant about vaccination are also increasing day by day (Gesser-Edelsburg et al., 2017). When the literature is examined, it is seen that many studies have been conducted on vaccine hesitancy, but there are very few studies examining the relationship between vaccine hesitancy and health literacy (Brown et al., 2018;Ready, 2018;Yuksel and Topuzoglu, 2019). ...

... With this, it becomes possible to communicate directly with the public without negotiating with the media, mainly through the Internet. But according to Gesser-Edelsburg and Shir-Raz (2016) the media continue to have a critical role in risk identification and management. ...

... This conceptual complexity characterises a heterogeneous multidisciplinary research situation: While there is a vast amount of linguistic literature on relevant individual linguistic phenomena (see below), we find studies dealing with how uncertainty is verbalised as a sensation, circumstance or social condition mainly in the fields of psychology (Teigen, 1988;Juanchich et al., 2017) and science communication (Gesser-Edelsburg & Shir-Raz, 2018). On the one hand, this research is interested in the extent to which certain formulations are perceived as more or less uncertain. ...

... To access Facebook data, three studies (5%) used a third-party commercial infomediary, which resells Facebook and other social media data Gesser-Edelsburg et al., 2017;Huesch et al., 2017). One study worked directly with Facebook to both access aggregate data and coauthor the study ; the other 57 (93%) studies accessed the data from the Facebook platform. ...