Xue Bai’s research while affiliated with University of Chinese Academy of Sciences and other places

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Publications (36)


A Consideration of Water Affairs Technical Standards System Construction and Development—A Case Study of Beijing
  • Article

April 2025

Yubo Zhang

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Yan Bai

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Mengting Hu

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Xue Bai

Integrated water affairs management is an important mechanism for fostering coordinated development and enhancing the efficiency of water-related operations, encompassing water resources, water environment, water supply and drainage. It serves as a vital strategy for promoting the sustainable utilization of water resources. Employing systems engineering principles, this study constructed a technical standards system framework for Beijing water affairs. The framework incorporated dimensions including level, knowledge, and time. Existing national, industry, local, and association standards were categorized within this framework. This classification facilitated a comprehensive analysis of the current state and challenges of technical standardization in Beijing’s water resources management. The findings offer valuable insights for the strategic planning and development of water resources standardization, thereby supporting the advancement of integrated water affairs management.


The Impact of User Behavior Based on Energy-Saving Potential of Refrigerators: A Combined Survey and Experimental Analysis with Reference to China
  • Article
  • Full-text available

January 2025

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27 Reads

Lu Qiao

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Jialin Liu

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Jiajia Shao

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[...]

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Xue Bai

Considering the challenges of increasing global energy scarcity and intensifying environmental problems, energy conservation in end-use energy-consuming products has become critical. In this study, we focused on household refrigerators and analyzed the individual characteristics, energy-saving awareness, and usage behaviors of Chinese refrigerator users; discussed the influence of individual characteristics and energy-saving awareness of users on refrigerator usage behavior; and evaluated the energy-saving potential with improved user behavior. The results showed that the energy-saving awareness or usage behavior of refrigerator users requires adjustment and improvement to avoid significant energy wastage. Additionally, a strong correlation was found between education, product energy efficiency level selection, age, and user behavior. Optimizing purchase choices among existing refrigerator energy efficiency grades would result in a national energy-saving potential of up to 9.31 × 1010 kW·h annually, whereas adjusting the door opening frequency and duration of some users could achieve annual energy savings of 6.14 × 1010 kW·h and 4.47 × 1010 kW·h, respectively. This study comprehensively evaluated the energy-saving potential of refrigerators from two aspects: market research and laboratory quantitative analysis. The results highlight that the government, enterprises, and individuals should pay attention to the energy-saving potential of refrigerators and actively take effective measures to promote the realization of the “dual carbon” goal.

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Distribution of Basic Attribute Data of Samples
Distribution of Energy Efficiency Levels of Electric Washing Machines
Distribution of User Behavior Data for Electric Washing Machines
Relationship between Energy-saving Awareness and Individual Characteristics of Electric Washing Machine Users
The Relationship between the Usage Behavior of Electric Washing Machine Users and Individual Characteristics

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User behavior and energy-saving potential of electric washing machines

December 2024

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59 Reads

Energy Informatics

With the intensification of the global energy crisis and the increase in environmental awareness, energy-saving problems related to household appliances have garnered widespread attention. Here, the usage patterns of electric washing machine users and their energy-saving potential was mainly explored, so as to improve the current situation that the influencing factors of existing research behaviors were not deep enough and the energy saving potential was not specific enough. A questionnaire survey was used to gather information on 20,840 users, including individual characteristics, energy-saving awareness, and usage behavior. The study analyzed the differences in users’ energy-saving awareness and behavior through a series of analysis methods, and evaluated the energy-saving and water-saving potential of electric washing machines. The results showed that user behavior such as washing mode, washing temperature, and the volume ratio of clothes significantly affected on the energy and water consumption of electric washing machines. Individual characteristics of users such as gender, age, educational background, and family income were strongly correlated with their awareness of and decisions made regarding energy conservation. Improving the energy efficiency of electric washing machines and optimizing user purchasing behavior could result in 38,787.54 GWh national energy savings potential, and 6.90 million tons of water-saving potential. This study will help manufacturers and government departments better understand consumers’ usage behavior regarding electric washing machines, which could allow them to modify their market strategies and bolster the promotion and education of energy efficiency labels for electric washing machines. This also could support the nation’s objectives for environmental preservation, water and energy conservation, and the sale of products with lesser energy efficiency.


Analysis of user behavior and energy-saving potential of electric water heaters

November 2024

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18 Reads

Energy Informatics

As global energy resources get more limited and environmental problems worsen, it is crucial to enhance energy efficiency and reduce energy consumption in end-use products. This research focuses on electric water heaters, a significant household energy consumer, and collects a large amount of data through questionnaires and analyzes the current usage patterns of water heater use, as well as the impact of the users’ personal characteristics and energy-saving consciousness on usage behaviors. It also evaluates the energy-saving potential under different scenarios, considering both consumer behaviors and product efficiency levels. Results indicate that a substantial number of users still purchase high-energy-consuming water heaters and fail to adjust temperatures according to their specific needs, resulting in considerable energy waste. Electric water heaters exhibit significant potential for energy savings, with the efficiency of the product and user behaviors identified as key factors influencing overall energy consumption. The study provides important insights into the usage behavior of electric water heaters and offers actionable recommendations for manufacturers and government agencies: advocating the use of certified energy-efficient water heaters, raising public awareness of energy efficiency in appliance use, etc., which is in line with the country’s goals of energy conservation and environmental sustainability.


Hierarchy Analysis of Water Demand Among Hotel Consumers for Water Appliances

October 2024

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18 Reads

The sustainable management of domestic water use is essential for China’s ongoing development. Despite its significance, public service water use, especially within the hotel industry, is frequently neglected. This industry not only accounts for substantial water usage, but it has also witnessed exponential growth over the past decade. In light of this, this study developed a survey on the water demand and behavior of hotel consumers and built a water consumption model to analyze the different characteristics of the total volume of water used by various water appliances. Furthermore, by dividing the hierarchical intervals of each water-use behavior, it identified the main water-saving target of each water appliance. The results showed that the daily water demand of each consumer in hotels ranged from 45 to 141 L/(person·d). Among the various water-use appliances, faucets had the highest proportion of excessive water use, reaching nearly 40%, which implies a relatively large potential for saving water. Additionally, showers were the next major contributors to water consumption, whereas the proportion of excessive water use for water closets was relatively small. Owing to different habits, there is also variability in the main groups of people targeted for water conservation across water appliances, with females having the largest potential for water consumption in hotels. The results of this study can provide greatvaluable insights for enhancing water-use efficiency in hotels and standardizing water management practices within the industry.


Probability distribution of theoretical and actual snowmaking water consumption.
Sensitivity analysis of factors affecting water consumption based on variance contribution.
Fig. Comprehensive water consumption per unit ski slope area in outdoor ski resorts. (a)The total water consumption. (b) The distribution of water consumption segments.
Comprehensive water consumption in outdoor ski resorts in different regions.
Construction of a quantitative model for ski resort water demand and preliminary exploration of drainage irrigation pathways

October 2024

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18 Reads

In China, natural snowfall is insufficient, and ski resorts often require artificial snowmaking in winter and turf management in summer, which results in high overall water consumption and considered as one of the high water-consuming service industries, with an urgent need for theoretical foundations related to water management. Based on life cycle theory, we examined the characteristics of the water systems of ski resorts in winter and summer. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to construct a stochastic model to quantify the theoretical water consumption for snowmaking at ski resorts and to investigate the mechanisms by which various factors influence this consumption. We summarize the necessity of summer turf management and irrigation requirements at ski resorts, explore the interaction between ski resorts and agricultural irrigation. The results show that the theoretical water demand of ski resorts is basically consistent with the actual water consumption of ski resorts, that the constructed model is feasible, and that snowmaking water is the most important water use of ski resorts. Exploring the collection and reuse of meltwater or rainwater from ski resorts for agricultural irrigation in the spring and summer could provide more possibilities for the sustainable management of regional water resources. The research findings can provide a theoretical basis for scientifically and reasonably setting the norm of water intake for ski resorts and for developing comprehensive water resource management plans for ski resorts and agricultural irrigation.


Schematic diagram of the hydrogel battery‐powered flexible µLED display. a) Preparation of the flexible µLED display by VPBT. b) Illustration of the transparent stretchable circuit board. c) Illustration of the fully flexible and biocompatible hydrogel battery pack. The battery pack consists of four triangular hydrogel batteries connected in series.
Performance of the flexible µLEDs. a) Schematic diagram of the vertical structure of an µLED based on Si substrate. b) Airflow patterns around the µLED array simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics. c) Optical and SEM images of an µLED array (100 × 100 pixels) transferred onto a flexible Cu substrate. d) The PL intensity of µLED on Si substrate and other flexible substrates (Cu, paper, PET, and PDMS). Inset: Test point on the µLED, located in the emitting area. e) I–V characteristics and f) EL spectra of green µLED on different flexible substrates at 2 mA. Inset in (e): Light emission of green µLED array on the PDMS substrate.
Electrochemical properties of the hydrogel battery. a) Cyclic voltammetry of Zn|PAM|V2O5 hydrogel battery at a scan rate of 0.5 mV s⁻¹. b) Self‐discharge resistance of the Zn|PAM|V2O5 hydrogel battery. c) Rate performance and d) the charge‐discharge curves at current densities ranging from 0.5 to 2 A g⁻¹. e) Long‐term cycling performance of the Zn|PAM|V2O5 hydrogel battery at 2 A g⁻¹. f) The charge–discharge curves at temperatures ranging from 0 to 40 °C. g) Stress‐strain curves of hydrogel electrodes and hydrogel electrolytes. h) Photographs of i) the hydrogel electrode‐electrolyte fusion interface and ii) Zn|PAM|V2O5 flexible hydrogel batteries attached to different complex surfaces.
Flexible stretchable circuit. a) Diagram of the 3D printing of the stretchable circuits. b) Optical photograph of a stretchable circuit. c) Electrical conductivity of the printed elastic conductor during stretching and release. d) Transmittance of the circuit on a spherical surface. e) Current–voltage and f) EL characteristics of the µLEDs under strains ranging from 0 to 40%.
Flexible all‐in‐one µLED display. a) Diagram of an integrated flexible µLED display powered by hydrogel batteries. b) Voltage curve of the battery pack under the dynamic deformation of the wrist. Left inset: Photograph of the hydrogel battery pack attached to the wrist during bending. The different colors represent different deformation states. Right inset: Magnification of the discharge curve from 510 to 680 s). c) Thermal imaging of a hydrogel battery pack attached to the wrist during charging and discharging. d) Photograph of the fully flexible integrated display. Inset: Radar chart comparing the device prepared in this work and previous studies (denoted “A” to “C”) in terms of µLED transfer number, biocompatibility, energy supply, flexibility, and thickness. e) High‐resolution patterned displays showing weather and heart‐rate information.
Fully Flexible All‐in‐One Electronic Display Skin with Seamless Integration of MicroLED and Hydrogel Battery

September 2024

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71 Reads

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3 Citations

Visualization is a cornerstone in human–computer interaction, evolving from large screens to mobile devices and now to wearable display technology. However, conventional batteries and displays lack the softness and stretchability inherent to human skin. Here, a fully flexible, all‐in‐one electronic display skin by integrating a flexible microLED display, a stretchable circuit, and a Zn|PAM|V2O5 hydrogel battery pack is developed. Vapor‐phase bulk transfer is used to efficiently and accurately transfer 10 000 microLEDs onto a flexible substrate, ensuring high flexibility and ultra‐thin (240 µm). The flexible hydrogel battery pack provides sustainable energy, with a high specific capacity of 331.3 mAh g⁻¹. Additionally, a transparent stretchable circuit board (maximum stretch 40%) is made by 3D printing technology. The skin display exhibited exceptional stretchability and biocompatibility, conforming to movements while maintaining high‐resolution dynamic visual outputs. These innovations pave the way for advanced skin‐implanted displays, promising transformative applications in information interaction, healthcare, and artificial intelligence.



Eutectic-electrolyte-enabled zinc metal batteries towards wide temperature and voltage windows

January 2024

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32 Reads

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10 Citations

Energy & Environmental Science

A nonflammable eutectic electrolyte, with wide electrochemical (3.0 V vs. Zn/Zn ²⁺ ) and thermal (−70 to 160 °C) windows, eliminates hydrogen evolution, induces robust solid–electrolyte interphase and broadens temperature/voltage range of Zn batteries.


Schematic illustration of Zn²⁺ solvation structure and Zn deposition behavior in a) ZnSO4 and b) Azi/ZnSO4 electrolyte.
Regulation of the solvation structure by Zn ionophore Azi. a) Schematic illustration of Azi applied to AZBs (inset: the molecular structure of Azi). Raman spectra of the electrolytes with different Azi concentrations: b) ν(SO4²⁻), c) ν(Zn‐OH2), and ν(Zn‐N). d) Binding energy of H2O with H2O and H2O with Azi. e) Binding energy of Zn²⁺ with H2O and Zn²⁺ with Azi. f) Binding energy of different solvation structures relative to [Zn(H2O)6]²⁺. g) Electrostatic potential mapping of [ZnAzi(H2O)4]²⁺. h) The evolution of Zn²⁺ solvation structure after adding Azi.
Inhibited self‐corrosion, HER, and promoted uniform Zn deposition by adding Azi in ZnSO4 electrolyte. a) Potentiodynamic polarization curves of Zn foil in ZnSO4 electrolyte without and with Azi. b) HER performance, c) OER performance of Zn electrode in ZnSO4 and Azi/ZnSO4 electrolyte. d) On‐line gas chromatography spectra of Zn‐Zn symmetric cells in the two electrolytes obtained during first and 30th cycles at 10 mA cm⁻² (inset: schematic illustration of the reactor. WE, working electrode; RE, reference electrode; CE, counter electrode). The variation of e) hydrogen evolution and f) hydrogen evolution flux with accumulative plating/stripping capacity. In situ optical microscopic images of Zn deposition in g) ZnSO4 and h) Azi/ZnSO4 electrolyte.
Enhanced electrochemical performance of Zn‐Zn and Zn‐Cu cells by employing Zn ionophore Azi as electrolyte additive. Long‐term cycling performance of Zn‐Zn symmetric cells at a) 1 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻², b) 10 mA cm⁻² and 10 mAh cm⁻². c) Comparison of current density, areal capacity per cycle, and cumulative capacity between this work and other electrolyte optimization reports. d) Rate performance of Zn‐Zn symmetric cells at different current densities ranging from 1 to 10 mA cm⁻² in two electrolytes. e) Coulombic efficiency of Zn‐Cu cells at 1 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻². SEM images of Zn anode after 20 (left) and 50 (right) cycles at 1 mA cm⁻² and cutting‐off capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻² in f) ZnSO4, g) Azi/ZnSO4 electrolyte. AFM images of Zn anode after testing rate performance in h) ZnSO4, i) Azi/ZnSO4 electrolyte. j) Roughness comparison curves.
Improved electrochemical performance of Zn‐V2O5 cells after introducing Azi. a) CV curves of Zn‐V2O5 full cells at a scanning rate of 0.5 mV s⁻¹ in two electrolytes. Self‐discharge resistance of Zn‐V2O5 full cells using b) ZnSO4, c) Azi/ZnSO4 electrolyte. d) Cycling and e) rate performance of Zn‐V2O5 full cells. f) Long‐term cycling test of Zn‐V2O5 pouch cell at 1 A g⁻¹ in Azi/ZnSO4 electrolyte (Inset: schematic illustration of the pouch cell). g) Corresponding GCD curves of pouch cell at the 100th cycle (Inset: pouch cell after 100 cycles without gas bulging). h) Pierced and bent tests of pouch cell. i) Pouch cells powering luminous running armband.
Zn Ionophores to Suppress Hydrogen Evolution and Promote Uniform Zn Deposition in Aqueous Zn Batteries

August 2023

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153 Reads

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43 Citations

Uncontrolled Zn dendrites and undesirable side reactions such as Zn self‐corrosion and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remain major challenges for the further development of aqueous Zn batteries (AZBs). In this study, macrolide antibiotics are proposed to be added to aqueous electrolyte, serving as Zn ionophores to modulate Zn²⁺ solvation structure, regulate Zn electrodeposition, and suppress undesirable parasitic reactions. Azithromycin (Azi), a representative macrolide antibiotic, is demonstrated to undergo bidentate coordination with Zn ions and remodel the solvation structure into [ZnAzi(H2O)4]²⁺. Meanwhile, the self‐corrosion and HER at the Zn anode side are significantly suppressed, evidenced quantitatively by the on‐line hydrogen production monitoring. Furthermore, the promotion of dense and uniform Zn electrodeposition by the ionophores is also confirmed. The repeated Zn plating/stripping test with 0.1 m Azi in electrolyte reaches a high cumulative capacity of 10 Ah cm⁻² at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² and an area capacity of 10 mAh cm⁻². Moreover, the corresponding Zn‐V2O5 pouch cell achieves stable operation for 100 cycles without bulging caused by gas evolution. Thus, the electrolyte engineering approach presents a practically viable strategy for the development of AZBs.


Citations (21)


... Flexible micro-LEDs, developed through meticulously designed advanced fabrication processes from material selection to final assembly, have found diverse applications across multiple fields. In flexible displays, they enable bendable and foldable screens for smartphones, tablets, and wearable devices, offering high brightness and energy efficiency [47][48]. For medical and bio-sensor applications, micro-LED arrays enhance optogenetic research and enable conformable LED patches for phototherapy treatments [49]. ...

Reference:

Flexible Micro-LEDs: Advanced Fabrication Techniques and Applications
Fully Flexible All‐in‐One Electronic Display Skin with Seamless Integration of MicroLED and Hydrogel Battery

... These findings suggest that COF-Zn-modified cells achieve stable cycling across a wide temperature range, offering potential for operation in diverse climate conditions and outperforming previously reported studies (Figure 5f). [53][54][55][56][57] ...

Eutectic-electrolyte-enabled zinc metal batteries towards wide temperature and voltage windows

Energy & Environmental Science

... The regulation mechanism varies with different types of additives, such as changing the solvation structure of metal ions or forming interface-separated water molecules at the interface between the electrode and electrolyte, thus inhibiting HER. [34][35][36][37][38] Recently, ascorbic acid (vitamin C, VC) has been reported to suppress HER of ZIB via alternating the d-band center of Zn anode and the solvation structure of Zn 2+ , significantly increasing the Coloumbic efficiency. [39] Moreover, VC exhibits strong reducibility that can stabilize the Fe 2+ in the electrolyte, which is easily oxidized to Fe 3+ when exposed to air. ...

Zn Ionophores to Suppress Hydrogen Evolution and Promote Uniform Zn Deposition in Aqueous Zn Batteries

... The way MLP works is based on layers of neurons and backpropagation. The advantages of MLP are that it can capture non-linear relationships and is flexible [29]. ...

Influencing factors for water use behaviors of population groups in hospitals based on multi-layer perceptron model

Desalination and Water Treatment

... Hotels are one of the main causes of water stress in the tourism sector, with water constituting a key resource for their operations (Han and Hyun 2018b). Hotels are high consumers of water because of guests' direct in-room use (e.g., bathing and toilet flushing) and indirect actions such as sanitation (Cai et al. 2023). In-room water consumption is a behavior that is within the control of guests. ...

Analysis of Hotel Water-Use Behavior Based on the MLP-SEM Model

... Standard questionnaires were developed for data collection for the information like: Background information, nutritional status, dietary pattern, sleep pattern, frequency of skipping meals, duration of physical activity and nutrition knowledge [17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...

Mechanism of Water Use Behavior of College Students Based on the Improved TPB Model

... Penghematan air bersih mampu menghemat biaya pengeluaran untuk suplai air untuk selanjutnya dapat dialokasikan pada kegiatan maupun inovasi lain yang membutuhkan. Selain itu, kegiatan penghematan secara perorangan juga dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan sosialisasi dan ajakan kepada pengunjung rumah sakit dalam menggunakan air bersih secukupnya(Zhang et al., 2019). ...

A method for calculating the water savings at typical hospitals
  • Citing Article
  • January 2023

Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering

... Bai et al. [14] developed the DECIA improvement model based on the internal quality control of water-saving products and external marketing policies, which promotes the upgrading of production processes or technologies to improve product quality and increase market penetration. ...

Quality Control of Water-Efficient Products Based on DMAIC Improved Mode—A Case Study of Smart Water Closets

... Graphene has captured considerable attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage systems due to its remarkable properties [19,20]. As a single-layer carbon with a 2D lattice structure, graphene exhibits an array of remarkable characteristics, including its unique 2D carbon structure [21][22][23], sp 2 hybridization [24,25], exceptional strength [26,27], a notably large surface area of 2600 m 2 g −1 [28,29], high electrical conductivity reaching up to 1250 Scm −1 [30-32], and impressive thermal conductivity ranging from 4840 to 5300 Wm −1 K −1 [33,34]. Recent advancements have shown that tuning electronic properties through novel synthesis methods can significantly enhance material performance. ...

Superior Thermal Conductivity of Graphene Film/Cu-Zr Alloy Composites for Thermal Management Applications
  • Citing Article
  • December 2022

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

... These issues have become significant obstacles in the practical implementation of ZMBs. [6] Numerous strategies were explored to mitigate the issues accompanied with ZMBs, including negative structure design, [7,8] development of Zn-alloy electrodes, [9][10][11] electrolyte optimization, [12][13][14] separator modification, [15][16][17] and artificial surface coatings, etc. Among all, artificial protective coatings, i.e. solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI), owing to their strong design flexibility and potential for large-scale manufacturing, stands out as a particularly direct and effective approach towards high-performance ZMBs. ...

Suppressing the Exacerbated Hydrogen Evolution of Porous Zn Anode with an Artificial Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Layer
  • Citing Article
  • September 2022

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces