Xianzhang Ling’s research while affiliated with Qingdao University of Technology and other places

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Publications (205)


Stress relaxation of silt under excess pore water pressure impact from cone penetration test in Yellow River Delta
  • Article

January 2025

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5 Reads

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment

Xuesen Liu

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Yuxue Cui

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[...]

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Zhongnian Yang

The generation of negative excess pore water pressure (u2) during cone penetration test (CPT) in a given environment represents a deviation from the actual situation, thereby affecting the accuracy of the parameter inversion. Dissipation tests have been conducted to ascertain the dissipation of the u2 over time, which in turn allows for the parameters to be corrected. However, the tip resistance (qc) and sleeve friction resistance (fs) in dissipation process also vary with time, despite its potential impact on the inversion process. In this paper, the evolution of qc and negative u2 with time is successfully obtained through the utilization of indoor CPTs on silt soils. In conjunction with a viscoelastic model, the existence of stress relaxation of qc is demonstrated and the causes of qc decay are analyzed. The detailed conclusions are as follows: (1) The CPT parameters obtained from the dissipation test can be employed to rectify the discrepancy in negative u2 that arises during soil classification. (2) The qc undergoes a gradual decrease, reaching a final equilibrium state during the dissipation process. The stress-time relationship is consistent with the Three-element viscoelasticity model, which represents a stress relaxation phenomenon. The relaxation process can be divided into three distinct phases: fast relaxation, decelerating relaxation, and residual relaxation. The residual stress is found to be correlated with the depth of the soil layer. (3) During residual phase, the loss rate of qc is observed to decrease in a linear fashion with the rate of u2, prior to which the relationship is exponential. As the penetration rate increases, the rate of u2 also increases.


Effect of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on the Microstructure Characteristics of Unsaturated Expansive Soil
  • Article
  • Full-text available

January 2025

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17 Reads

Sustainability

The term “engineering cancer” refers to expansive soil, whose properties threaten the stability and safety of structures. As a result, appropriate steps must be taken to guarantee the sustainable development of buildings. To explore the impact of freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) on the microscopic characteristics of unsaturated expansive soil in the cold region, the mineralogical composition and microstructure were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of repeated FTCs on the characteristics of particle morphology and pore structure in expansive soil was quantitatively examined. The findings indicate that, in comparison to other expansive soil samples, the Yanji expansive soil is particularly susceptible to failures due to its high sand content and low liquid limit. The FTCs significantly alter the microstructure, leading to increased complexity in the particle edge shapes, a transition in particle distribution from dispersed to more concentrated, a reduction in larger particles, and a more intricate spatial arrangement of particles. As moisture content rises, the impact of FTCs becomes increasingly pronounced. The particle distribution’s area probability index and fractal dimension are identified as medium-variability parameters, with a high-variation coefficient before the 3rd FTC, which then gradually decreases. The repeated FTCs result in particle breakage and agglomeration, causing the particle size to become more uniform and the soil’s microstructure to stabilize after 3–5 FTCs. These findings contribute to understanding the FTC behavior of expansive soils, provide theoretical support and scientific guidance for disaster prevention and control measures, as well as for the sustainable development of engineering projects involving expansive soil sites.

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Effect of salt solution concentration and cation types on the mechanical properties of bentonite as a barrier material

November 2024

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23 Reads

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment

Bentonite is utilized as a barrier material in high-level nuclear waste repositories due to its superior low permeability and swelling properties. However, its engineering properties are influenced by the chemical composition of the infiltrating pore water during operation. Understanding the effect of salt solution on the mechanical properties of bentonite is crucial for evaluating the performance of buffer and backfill barriers in deep geological repositories for nuclear waste. In this study, various concentrations and types of salt solutions were used to treat Na-bentonite samples, which were then subjected to free swell test, no loading swelling ratio test, Atterberg limits test, compaction test, and analysis of the content of exchangeable cations. The results showed that the content of counterbalance cations changed significantly after the addition of salt solution, and the decrease in free swelling rate increased gradually with the increase of solution concentration. The effect of different types of salt solutions on swelling was primarily determined by the type of cation that governs charge level and hydration capacity. The inhibition of the free swelling rate was stronger for high-concentration low-valence salt solution than that for low-concentration high-valence one. Bentonites undergoing cation exchange exhibited a decreased plasticity index, a decreased maximum dry density, and an increased optimum water content. This was mainly due to the cation exchange that occurred between bentonite layers under the action of the salt solution, which affected the crystal layer structure, double electric layer structure, and intergranular stress. Finally, the van’t Hoff equation was used to quantitatively characterize the differences in swelling in the test results.


Physical properties of expansive soil.
Parameters of samples for ESR testing.
Cont.
Linear relationship coefficients of I 1 ∼ √ J 2 .
Parameters of the damage model under the combined effects of freeze-thaw and load.
Constitutive Damage Model for Rubber Fiber-Reinforced Expansive Soil under Freeze–Thaw Cycles

October 2024

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23 Reads

Materials

To elucidate the degradation mechanism of expansive soil–rubber fiber (ESR) under freeze–thaw cycles, freeze–thaw cycle tests and consolidated undrained tests were conducted on the saturated ESR. The study quantified the elastic modulus and damage variables of ESR under different numbers of freeze–thaw cycles and confining pressure, and proposed a damage constitutive model for ESR. The primary findings indicate that: (1) The effective stress paths of ESR exhibit similarity across different numbers of freeze–thaw cycles, the critical stress ratio slightly decreased by 8.8%, while the normalized elastic modulus experienced a significant reduction, dropping to 42.1%. (2) When considering the damage threshold, the shear process of ESR can be divided into three stages: weak damage, damage development, and failure. As strain increases, the microdefects of ESR gradually develop, penetrating macroscopic cracks and converging to form the main rupture surface. Eventually, the damage value reaches 1. (3) Due to the effect of freeze–thaw cycles, initial damage exists for ESR, which is positively correlated with the number of freeze–thaw cycles. The rubber fibers act as tensile elements, and the ESR damage evolution curves intersect one after another, showing obvious plastic characteristics in the late stage of shear. (4) Confining pressure plays a role in limiting the development of ESR microcracks. The damage deterioration of ESR decreases with an increase in confining pressure, leading to an increase in ESR strength. (5) Through a comparison of the test curve and the theoretical curve, this study validates the rationality of the damage constitutive model of ESR under established freeze–thaw cycles. Furthermore, it accurately describes the nonlinear impact of freeze–thaw cycles and confining pressure on the ESR total damage.


Figure 2. Dynamic stress loading method.
Characteristic parameters for the expansive soil.
Results for ultimate dynamic stress and maximum dynamic elastic modulus.
The variation in the damping ratio.
Dynamic Behavior of Rubber Fiber-Reinforced Expansive Soil under Repeated Freeze–Thaw Cycles

October 2024

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23 Reads

Polymers

Large volumes of waste tires are generated due to the rapid growth of the transportation industry. An effective method of recycling waste tires is needed. Using rubber from tires to improve problematic soils has become a research topic. In this paper, the dynamic response of rubber fiber-reinforced expansive soil under freeze–thaw cycles is investigated. Dynamic triaxial tests were carried out on rubber fiber-reinforced expansive soil subjected to freeze–thaw cycles. The results showed that with the increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles, the dynamic stress amplitude and dynamic elastic modulus of rubber fiber-reinforced expansive soils first decrease and then increase, and the damping ratio first increases and then decreases, all of which reach the turning point at the 6th freeze–thaw cycle. The dynamic stress amplitude and dynamic elastic modulus decreased by 59.4% and 52.2%, respectively, while the damping ratio increased by 99.8% at the 6th freeze–thaw cycle. The linear visco-elastic model was employed to describe the hysteretic curve of rubber fiber-reinforced expansive soil. The elastic modulus of the linear elastic element and the viscosity coefficient of the linear viscous element first decrease and then increase with the increase in the number of freeze–thaw cycles; all reach the minimum value at the 6th freeze–thaw cycle. The dynamic stress–dynamic strain curve calculation method is established based on the hyperbolic model and linear visco-elastic model, and the verification shows that the effect is better. The research findings provide guidance for the improvement of expansive soil in seasonally frozen regions.


Seismic response and correlation analysis of a pile-supported wharf to near-fault pulse-like ground motions

October 2024

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7 Reads

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration

Earthquake investigations have shown that near-fault pulse-like (NF-P) ground motions have unique characteristics compared to near-fault non-pulse-like (NF-NP) and far-field (FF) ground motions. It is necessary to study the seismic response of pile-supported wharf (PSW) structures under NF-P ground motions. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element numerical model is created to simulate a PSW. By imparting three types of ground motion, the engineering demand parameters (EDPs) of PSW under NF-P ground motions were analyzed and compared, in which EDPs are the maximum displacement and bending moment of the piles. Twenty intensity measures (IMs) were selected to characterize the properties of ground motions. The correlation between IMs and EDPs was explored. The results show that the piles present larger displacement and bending moment under NF-P ground motions compared to NF-NP and FF ground motions. None of the IMs have a high correlation with EDPs under NF-P ground motions, and these IMs are more applicable to FF ground motions. The correlation coefficients between EDPs and IMs under three types of ground motion were obtained, which will provide a valuable reference for the seismic design of PSWs.



Citations (53)


... In contrast, machine learning, a prominent branch of artificial intelligence, is experiencing rapid advancements due to ongoing technological progress (Khatti J et al. 2021Raja M N A et al. 2021Raja M N A et al. , 2024aZhang J et al. 2023;Hosseini S et al. 2023). Its application has become increasingly prevalent in geotechnical engineering (Jaffar S T A et al. 2024;Raja M N A et al. 2024b;Tang et al. 2024;Tian et al. 2023;Li X et al. 2023) and frozen soil engineering (Sun et al. 2023a(Sun et al. , 2023bEsmaeili-Falak M et al. 2019;Zou et al. 2021;Wang Q et al. 2024b;Chen et al. 2022), offering innovative modeling approaches. Notably, the kernel-extreme learning machine (KELM) can be trained without the need to adjust the input layer weights and hidden layer biases; only the number of hidden layer nodes requires specification. ...

Reference:

Assessment of frost heave in coarse-grained soil: a novel application of multi-strategy enhanced dung beetle-optimized KELM model
Machine learning-based predictors for maximum pile bending moment of the soil-pile-superstructure system in liquefiable soils
  • Citing Article
  • October 2024

Ocean Engineering

... Soil freezing and thawing dynamics are influenced by various factors, such as soil type, moisture content, and meteorological conditions. Yang et al. (2024) studied the impact on the stability of infrastructure subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in permafrost regions, emphasizing the importance of robust engineering designs that account for the detrimental impact on the mechanical properties of soil. This consideration is crucial for ensuring the durability and safety of structures in cold climates. ...

Experimental investigation of freeze–thaw effects on the micropore properties of expansive soil using NMR–SEM techniques

Granular Matter

... Generally, the characteristics of special soils, such as soft soil, loess, residual soil, expansive soil, frozen soil, moraines, and contaminated soil, present significant challenges in geotechnical design and construction on a global scale. In comparison to common sedimentary clay and sand, the mechanical properties of special soil exhibit significant differences, thereby introducing considerable complexities in engineering applications [2]. A comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of special soils is essential to ensuring safe and cost-effective engineering practices. ...

Investigation of the Shear and Pore Structure Characteristics of Rubber Fiber-Reinforced Expansive Soil

Applied Sciences

... For saturated soil, the problem becomes more complicated due to the coupling effect of soil skeleton and pore water. However, after several years of efforts, people have made some progress in the study of saturated soil dynamics and proposed corresponding analysis methods for different geotechnical dynamic problems [133][134][135][136][137][138][139] . ...

Experimental and numerical investigation on the response characteristic of the crane-wharf structure in liquefiable site
  • Citing Article
  • May 2024

Ocean Engineering

... On the other hand, the estimation of ductility reduction factors has been obtained via deterministic approaches. Furthermore, recent studies developed for reinforced concrete structures discuss the importance that any numerical or code model must be affected by uncertainties in the seismic response [29][30][31][32], or in order to compute seismic fragility or collapse of structures [24,33,34]In addition, it is necessary to estimate strength reduction factors toward reliability-based seismic design as suggested in previous works [35][36][37][38] for buildings, bridges and different types of structures. For this reason, this work is aimed to compute ductility reduction factors determined through UAFR spectra to consider structural reliability in seismic designs for ground motion records representative of stiff and soft soil of Mexico City. ...

Development of fragility surfaces for pile-supported structures under mainshock-aftershock sequences
  • Citing Article
  • February 2024

Results in Engineering

... Therefore, this study proposes using bending strain energy to calculate the amount of energy absorbed from the work done by tunnelling loads, accommodating the accumulation of bending deformations. The strain energy calculation for piles is analogous to that for beams [1,22,33,35]. ...

Quasi-Static Model Test of Pile-Supported Wharf under Cyclic Lateral Loading

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

... Hu et al. [33] studied the connection characteristics between segment lining structures of the shield tunnel and the interaction between the soil layer and the segment lining structure, and put forward a flat shell-elastic hinge-foundation system model of the segment lining structure of the shield tunnel, which can solve the three-dimensional stress analysis of the segment lining structure of the shield tunnel. Kong et al. [34] set up a model test device to carry out a shield unbalanced load test during tunnel excavation. The model test of shield tunneling in the upper soft and lower hard stratum is carried out to verify the function of the developed test system. ...

Development of shield model test system for studying the bias load of shield in soil-rock compound strata
  • Citing Article
  • January 2024

Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology

... With the continuous development of prefabricated building system, the application of PC staircases is not only limited to above-ground buildings, but also widely used in underground prefabricated structures; the shafts of subway stations are typical examples of applications [12,13]. During the construction of subway stations, due to the large number of deep shafts [14], the use of PC staircases can not only significantly shorten the construction cycle but also reduce environmental pollution and the waste of concrete and formwork. ...

Feasibility of winter construction for prefabricated subway station: Waterproof performance analysis of composite cross-section gasket treated by low temperature
  • Citing Article
  • December 2023

Cold Regions Science and Technology

... Many governmental authorities are making strong provisions for seismic analysis of the structure to decrease the casualties due to such disasters. Ghosh (2018, 2019), Maleki and Nabizadeh (2021), Zhang and Yang (2021), Nouzari et al. (2021), Kumar and Chatterjee (2021), Rahaman and Kumar (2022) and Maleki and Hosseini (2022), Maleki et al. (2023), Man et al. (2023), Chatterjee (2024, 2024b) have performed seismic analysis of various structures however the methodologies used by them were different. Subba Rao (2005, 2006), Ghosh (2018, 2019), and Nouzari et al. (2021) performed seismic stability analysis of the shallow strip footing by pseudo-static approach. ...

Seismic response and failure modes analysis of pile foundations in liquefiable soils using various design criteria
  • Citing Article
  • November 2023

Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering

... The addition of graphene oxide also effectively reduced the resistivity of cement composites, thereby improving their electrical conductivity. For example, the resistivity of concrete decreased by 20% with the addition of 0.025% to 0.1% graphene oxide [131]. Moreover, the combination of graphene oxide with carbon fibers significantly reduced the interconnectivity of the pore system, leading to higher resistivity and further enhancing the electrical performance of the composite [9,13]. ...

Analyzing the macroscopic/mesoscopic mechanical properties and fatigue damage of graphene oxide/microcapsule self-healing concrete
  • Citing Article
  • October 2023

Journal of Building Engineering