William L. Anderson's scientific contributions

... Arithmetic mean Pb concentrations in eggs from IL and VA (both 0.14 µg/g) were lower, whereas the mean for MN was higher (0.21 µg/g), than in eggs of farm-raised mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos; 0.17 µg/g, Sanderson et al. 1997). Arithmetic mean and maximum Pb concentrations in eggs from all three locations were lower than the mean concentration in eggs of Pb-dosed mallards (0.51 µg/g, Duncan 1997). ...

... However, it was of concern that three birds were shot with zinc shotgun pellets (two only with zinc and one with zinc and iron shot) because zinc is toxic when ingested by waterbirds [20] and probably by other bird species and has not passed the US system for approval as a non-toxic shot type. It is clearly important that all alternatives to lead are non-toxic, rather than just non-lead. ...

... The use of lead ammunition poses human, wildlife, and environmental risks wherever it occurs and countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina are all undergoing similar transitions to those seen in Europe and the U.S. For example, in Australia, early concern focused on poisoning of wildfowl from lead shotgun ammunition (Koh and Harper 1988), with a more recent growth in concern around the use of lead rifle ammunition (Hampton et al. 2018) and efforts to assess the efficacy of nonlead rifle ammunition for shooting mammals (Hampton et al. 2021). Similar evidence of risks to wildlife from ingesting lead shotgun ammunition (Schwab and Daury 1989, Anderson et al. 2000, Ferreyra et al. 2009, Uhart et al. 2019) and fragments of lead rifle ammunition (Lambertucci et al. 2011, Legagneux et al. 2014, Buenz and Parry 2019, as well as to human health (Fachehoun et al. 2015, Parry and Buenz 2020, Tammone et al. 2021) exists also in Argentina, Canada, New Zealand, and elsewhere (Chiba et al. 1999, Ahmadi et al. 2018, Garbett et al. 2018). ...

... On the other hand, the observation error can be split into (1.1) an overcoverage error, when the sampling frame includes replicated hunters (i.e. the same hunter can report his/her hunting bag several times) or hunters no longer active (leading to structural null hunting bags; see the section "Variable of interest"), and (1.2) a response error, caused by discrepancies between the hunting bags reported by the hunters and the actual ones (in particular, when hunters do not report their individual hunting bags, for instance after a group driven hunt). Some causes specific to hunting bag surveys can lead to response errors, such as (1.2.1) a recall (or memory) error corresponding to the inability to recall the exact value of the bag, leading to omission or digit preference (Atwood 1956;Sen 1972;Wright 1978;Filion 1980;Chu et al. 1992;Miller and Anderson 2002;Beaman 2002;Beaman et al. 2005a, b;Vaske and Beaman 2006); (1.2.2) a misclassification error, that is, attributing the bag to the wrong species, either because of misidentification or misnaming (Atwood 1956;Sen 1971;Christensen et al. 2017b); (1.2.3) a reporting error (or mechanical error in the sense of MacDonald and Dillman 1968), arising through mistakes when completing the questionnaire; and (1.2.4) a prestige error, that is a deliberate distortion by intentionally inflating the reported harvest (Atwood 1956;MacDonald and Dillman 1968;Sen 1973). Of course, other error types exist and could be added to this taxonomy (i.e. ...

... Estimated light goose harvest was not adjusted for reporting bias using 0.478 as has been done in previous years (for discussion of this estimator related to waterfowl harvest, see Anderson et al. 1996). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals were calculated for number of hunters, days hunted, and geese harvested, as described in Lischka et al. (2006). We entered and analyzed data using SPSS 28.0 (IBM SPSS Inc. 2022). ...

... These special cases, especially where hunter success may be relatively high, may provide natural response peaks for frequencies of reported harvests in digits ending in 0 or 5. Two such examples in Illinois are mourning doves (Zenaidura macroura) with a daily bag limit of 15, and gray and fox squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis and S. niger) with an aggregate daily bag limit of 5. These species are numerous, harvested at high rates, and pursued by a high proportion of hunters (Miller, Campbell, & Yeagle, 2000). Use of harvest records for these species may help to minimize digit preference in harvest reports. ...

... Data were coded, entered, and analyzed using SPSS 26.0 (SPSS Inc. 2019). Estimates for species harvested, number of hunters, and days afield were computed using the formulas in Anderson and Campbell (1993). Harvest estimates of game species included only those harvested by Illinois resident hunters; ...

... We estimated the state-wide number of hunters, days afield and waterfowl harvested using survey responses and estimated total hunters. In summary, we estimated the total number of hunters each year from the number of Illinois Migratory Waterfowl permits sold, and applied adjustment factors for multiple-stamp buyers (0.957; Anderson 1986), and stamp-exempt hunters (1.086; Anderson et al. 1998). This was then used to extrapolate survey responses to the state-level (for a full discussion, Williams et al. 2019). ...

... Data were entered into an SPSS 10.0 file and analyzed using SPSS 10.0. Estimates for species harvests, hunters, and days afield were made using the formulas in Anderson and Campbell (1993). ...

... Multiple studies have shown that just a few lead shot ingested by birds cause lethal poisoning (Arnemo et al. 2016;Watson et al. 2009;Delahay and Spray 2015) or sub-lethal impacts leading to animal suffering, changed behaviour and reduced survival (Vallverdú-Coll et al. 2015;Newth et al. 2016: Ecke et al. 2017. The toxicity of non-lead shot such as steel, bismuth and tungsten based shot has been well investigated, and ingestion of these shot types causes no harm to birds (Sanderson et al. 1997, Mitchell et al. 2001a, b, c, Thomas et al. 2009, Thomas 2015. However, some alternative shot types, e.g. ...