William Heinrich’s research while affiliated with Colorado State University and other places

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Publications (4)


Figure 1. 
Table 1 . Nesting territory occupancy by Aplomado Falcons in coastal Texas, 2008-2012.
Figure 2. 
Figure 3. 
Table 3 . Aplomado Falcons dead or missing within 21 d of release from hack sites in New Mexico (2006-2011). Attrition in 2011 was twice the average of other years.

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Restoring Aplomado Falcons to the United States
  • Article
  • Full-text available

December 2013

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524 Reads

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25 Citations

Journal of Raptor Research

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Tom J. Cade

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Cal Sandfort

DEVOLVIENDO A FALCO FEMORALIS A LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS Se liberaron volantones de Falco femoralis criados en cautiverio a lo largo de las planicies costeras del sur de Texas (839 aves de 21 sitios durante 1993–2004) y en el desierto de Chihuahua del oeste de Texas (637 aves de 11 sitios durante 2002–2011) y del sur de Nuevo México (337 aves de 10 sitios durante 2006–2012). Las liberaciones en la costa de Texas produjeron dos poblaciones que anidaron: 15–18 pares cerca de Brownsville y 15 pares en dos islas cerca de Rockport. El hábitat de esta área se compone de una extensa sabana abierta, lo que representa la condición ancestral de casi toda la región. Actualmente se encuentra casi completamente dominada por tierras de labranza y matorrales; este último alberga a Bubo virginianus, uno de los mayores depredadores de halcones. Por el contrario, las liberaciones en el desierto de Chihuahua no fueron exitosas en el establecimiento de poblaciones silvestres. Aunque se encontraron 8–10 pares en el oeste de Texas en 2009, para el 2011 sólo se registró un par y no se encontró ninguno en 2012, como consecuencia aparente de una sequía severa. Una sola pareja documentada en Nuevo México en 2011 estuvo asociada con la alimentación artificial de aves de presa. Concluimos que la conservación y la expansión de poblaciones de F. femoralis en las planicies costeras de Texas requerirán de la protección y el manejo de los territorios de cría existentes, y de la creación y manejo de sabanas libres de matorrales. La sequía persistente, la reducción de las poblaciones de presas y las altas tasas de mortalidad debidas a la depredación por parte de rapaces parecen impedir el restablecimiento de poblaciones de F. femoralis en el oeste de Texas o Nuevo México.

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From the Field: Progress in restoring the aplomado falcon to southern Texas

January 2009

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157 Reads

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29 Citations

Wildlife Society Bulletin

The northern aplomado falcon (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) was once fairly common in the savannas of southern Texas and in other parts of the American Southwest but virtually disappeared by the 1950s north of the Mexican border. It was federally listed as endangered in 1986. The Peregrine Fund established a captive breeding program based on 25 nestlings obtained from eastern Mexico during 1977–1988. Following a pilot release project in 1985–1989, a full-scale release effort in the southern Texas plain began in 1993 employing techniques similar to those we developed for the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). We produced 923 fledgling aplomado falcons, of which 812 were released in Texas on both federal wildlife refuges and private property. We observed released falcons breeding in the wild for the first time in 1995, and by 2002, 37 pairs were known and at least 87 wild young had fledged over an 8-year period. Predation by raccoons (Procyon lotor) was a frequent cause of nest failure, and the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) was the principal source of death in fledglings at hack sites, a factor that may limit aplomado falcon recovery in some areas of its former range. Enrollment of more than 5,500 km2 of private land under federally mediated “Safe Harbor” agreements encouraged landowner goodwill and cooperation and provided essential access to private property by affording relief from potential liability associated with the Endangered Species Act.



Citations (4)


... Whooping cranes that utilize ANWR tend to not be observed in areas of dense live oak woodland and shrubland (Golden et al. 2022). Continuous prescribed burns help set back vegetation to early successional stages and lower overall plant height as whooping cranes prefer unobstructed views that allow for predator detection (Armbruster 1990), roosting, and foraging (Lewis 1995) as do Aplomado falcons for hunting prey and breeding, particularly on Matagorda Island (Perez et al. 1996;Macías-Duarte et al. 2004;Hunt et al. 2013). Using LANDFIRE intervals to guide prescribed burning may be detrimental to whooping crane management, and it is likely that the open habitat critical to both whooping cranes and Aplomado falcons use of the refuge would be lost to woody plant encroachment. ...

Reference:

Historical and recent fire ecology on national wildlife refuges: a case study on Aransas National Wildlife Refuge
Restoring Aplomado Falcons to the United States

Journal of Raptor Research

... There have been multiple studies linking lead ammunition use by hunters to lead toxicosis and death among condors. Parish et al. (2006) confirmed condors are ingesting lead, which is also evidenced by the perennial chelation treatments given to an average of 20% of the condor population in California each year (Finkelstein et al., 2012). Hauck (personal communication, 04/05/22) confirmed lead poisoning from ingested ammunition was also the greatest cause of fatalities in the Arizona/Utah population, with 53% of diagnosed deaths attributed to lead toxicosis. ...

Lead exposure, diagnosis, and treatment in California condors released in Arizona

... The subspecies was listed as endangered in 1986 (Shull, 1986). The first known reestablished breeding pair was found in 1995, and in subsequent years, two core areas of breeding Aplomado Falcons established on several barrier islands (Matagorda Island, San Jose Island, and Mustang Island) and Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge and surrounding private lands (Jenny et al., 2004). More recently, artificial nest structures with protective bars have been placed specifically for Aplomado Falcons along the Texas coast (Fig. 1). ...

From the Field: Progress in restoring the aplomado falcon to southern Texas

Wildlife Society Bulletin

... Positive age effects on survival primarily occurred for long-lived raptor species (California Condors [Gymnogyps californianus] and Eurasian Griffons [Gyps fulvus]). These species have long periods of juvenile dependence and may require several years of maturation in captivity to develop appropriate life skills such as wariness, predator avoidance, or safe roost-site selection (Efrat et al., 2020;Woods et al., 2007). For species reporting a negative effect of release age on survival, detrimental consequences associated with prolonged captivity were the most common hypotheses provided. ...

Survival and reproduction of California Condors released in Arizona