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January 1983
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51 Reads
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149 Citations
The issue that guides the present research programme concerns the representation of large-scale environments, environments that are too large to be perceived from a single vantage point. In particular, this paper is concerned with the effects of experience on the representation of a large urban environment, and how experience is manipulated by the use of expert and novice taxi drivers.
January 1983
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5 Reads
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1 Citation
Most researchers suggest that peoples’ internal representations of their environment have many map-like properties. As a person moves about in the environment, invariant properties of the environment are preserved in the mental map, such as the relative location of objects with respect to each other, while the location of the person in the mental map is continually updated. A mental map has important “emergent properties”, such as triangualation. If the locations of A relative to B and B relative to C are both known, then the location of A relative to C can be derived. Mental maps can be used to derive new spatial information, such as what something looks like from a different perspective. Mental maps can be used to plan movements, such as what route to take to a destination, what direction to turn at a choice point, where landmarks are located, and so on. Many researchers have even argued that maps have evolved as the most “natural” way to represent spatial information because they are compatible with the way people think. In other words, maps supposedly correspond to the abstract, symbolic and schematic spatial representations of the human mind.
December 1982
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93 Reads
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456 Citations
Psychology of Learning and Motivation
This chapter focuses on the important role of retrieval structures as working memory states. The working memory has at least the following components: (1) short-term memory, which provides direct and virtually immediate access to very recent or attended knowledge states; (2) intermediate-term memory, the task-specific retrieval structure in long-term memory, which provides direct and relatively fast access to knowledge states; and (3) context, which contains structures for controlling the flow of processing within the current task and provides relatively fast and direct access to knowledge structures relevant to the current task and context. The auditory and visual–spatial buffers are important components of working memory.
November 1982
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44 Reads
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153 Citations
American Scientist
January 1981
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8 Reads
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20 Citations
January 1981
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13 Reads
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12 Citations
One series of experiments examined the correlation between memory span and the speed of symbol manipulation in short-term memory, and another experiment analyzed the effects of extended practice on memory span. In the first study, most of the estimates of processing speed did not correlate with memory span, and it was concluded that short-term memory capacity is not determined by the speed of symbol manipulation in short term memory. In the second study, memory span greatly increased with extended practice, but this increase was due to the acquisition of a mnemonic system. Short-term memory capacity was unaffected by practice.
July 1980
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501 Reads
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605 Citations
Science
After more than 230 hours of practice in the laboratory, a subject was able to increase his memory span from 7 to 79 digits. His performance on other memory tests with digits equaled that of memory experts with lifelong training. With an appropriate mnemonic system, there is seemingly no limit to memory performance with practice.
December 1979
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6 Reads
Behavioral and Brain Sciences
January 1974
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9 Reads
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79 Citations
Memory & Cognition
Three experiments were carried out to study the "picture coding" process implicit both in making up descriptions of pictures and in verifying descriptions against pictures. In the first experiment, Ss were asked simply to describe pictures of one object above another; some pictures were symmetrical vertically and some were not. In the other two experiments, other Ss were timed as they judged whether sentences likeStar isn't below line were true or false of such pictures. According to the results, Ss comply to three ordered "preference" rules in describing the two objects, rules that are conditional on characteristics of the picture and demands of the task. Furthermore, Ss in the verification task comply to the same three rules when they view and encode the picturebefore they read the sentence to be verified, but to only one of the rules when they view the pictureafter they read the sentence. The results also reconfirm two recently proposed models for the process of verifying sentences against pictures.
July 1973
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60 Reads
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369 Citations
... Maps are prepared for a variety of functions, one of which is to guide travel from origin A to destination B (Chase, 1983;Golledge, 1999;MacEachren and Johnson, 1987). The use of maps (in general) for navigational purposes greatly fosters orientation and wayfinding in an environment (Devlin and Bernstein, 1995;Liben and Downs, 1993;Lobben, 2007). ...
January 1983
... That is, participants who recalled many positive adjectives also tended to recall many negative words, whereas others recalled few positive and negative words. This interpretation is consistent with previous research in which implicit and explicit memory for generic stimuli loaded onto separate factors (Bruss & Mitchell, 2009) and with recognized individual differences in thinking styles (Epstein, Pacini, Denes-Raj, & Heier, 1996) and short-term memory (Chase, Lyon, & Ericsson, 1981). ...
January 1981
... A case can also be made that the deliberation before action is also only employed to justify the intuitive judgment already made. The debate is still ongoing, and we will not resolve it in this paper; for us it is important that intuitive judgments exist and both experimental and observational studies find significant use of intuition, particularly at a high level of mastery (Chase & Simon, 1973a;e.g. Chase & Simon, 1973b;Dörfler et al., 2009;Dreyfus, 2004;Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986;Gobet & Simon, 1996a, 1996b, 2000 e.g. ...
Reference:
Dubito Ergo Sum: Exploring AI Ethics
February 1973
... Recent work on visual prediction has suggested that predictions are formed rapidly and draw on associative connections stored in long-term memory (e.g., Bar, 2004 Bar, , 2009 Gilbert and Wilson, 2007; Schacter et al., 2007 Schacter et al., , 2008). Strong associative activations and fast processing speed are also characteristics of expert processing (e.g., Chase and Ericsson, 1981; Freyhof et al., 1992; Richler et al., 2009). For instance, while most people may recognize a fast approaching car merely as a 'silver car', a car expert may recognize it instantaneously as the newest model of Jaguar XF, know what engine it may have, and can distinguish between this and other comparable models. ...
January 1981
... The authors observed that the perceptual-cognitive ability to recall meaningful chess positions was associated with the recognition of familiar chess patterns stored in long-term memory, highlighting that the 165 acquisition of high-level knowledge structures positively affects short-term memory and recall capacity (Hambrick & Meinz, 2011;Sala & Gobet, 2017). Similarly, Chase and Ericsson's (1982) skilled memory theory posits that superior working memory capacities of skilled individuals are related 170 to their ability to quickly retrieve domain-specific knowledge stored in long-term memory. Later, Ericsson and Kintsch (1995) proposed that experts rely on their long-term memory as an extension of short-term memory, thereby assuming that a large repertoire of patterns in long-term memory enhances 175 both storage capacity and speed of information processing of short-term memory. ...
December 1982
Psychology of Learning and Motivation
... Noteworthy, in Hebrew, the word infinity (i.e., ), is comprised of a verbal prefix meaning "not," thus, the word translates to "not-finite." Relatedly, words or phrases with a negation are known to demand more cognitive resources, slowing down reasoning, and resulting in many errors-a negation effect (e.g., Clark & Chase, 1974;Deutsch et al., 2006;Evans, 1972;Gilbert et al., 1990;Grant et al., 2004;Mayo et al., 2004). In our case, slower responses may be obtained for the infinity word compared to neutral words (like numbers). ...
January 1974
Memory & Cognition
... Mientras se lleva a cabo un partido de ajedrez, cada movimiento de una pieza va precedido de un proceso reflexivo por parte del jugador, que se utiliza para la elección de la jugada (Charness, 1996). Este proceso de reflexión necesita como condición sine qua non de la correcta utilización de la atención, la aplicación voluntaria del pensamiento a la actividad que se realiza, y de la concentración, capacidad de aislarse voluntariamente del mundo exterior y centrarse exclusivamente en la acción que se realiza (Chase, 1973). Por lo tanto, la práctica Revista Franz Tamayo / Volumen 5, No. 13 / Mayo -agosto 2023 ISSN: 2710-088X -ISSN-L: 2710-088X, www.revistafranztamayo.org del ajedrez, potenciaría dichas capacidades de forma tal que podrían utilizarse para tareas diversas. ...
July 1973
... Early studies examined the differential abilities of chess grandmasters and less skilled players, with the notion that chess involves a great deal of problem solving. A series of studies (e.g., Barfield, 1986;Chase & Simon, 1973;De Groot, 1966;Sweller & Cooper, 1985) confirmed that the main factor that distinguished chess grandmasters and naı¨ve players was not knowledge of general and sophisticated problem-solving strategies, but the automatic retrieval of large amounts of domainspecific problem states and the moves associated with such problem states. In other words, chess grandmasters have developed direct retrieval of an enormous number of automatized schemas of board configurations (which are not available to naı¨ve players). ...
July 1973
Cognitive Psychology
... Real-world evidence for hierarchically structured route planning, however, is scant. Taxi drivers in Paris have been studied to explore how they represent the city and plan routes (Chase, 1983;Pailhous, 1969). While this has shown evidence for use of the major street network to apply to planning routes (Pailhous, 1969) and greater overestimation of distances when two reference places were separated by neighbourhood boundaries (Chase, 1983), the studies do not provide an explicit test of hierarchical planning, such as has been used in lab studies (e.g. ...
January 1983
... Confrontés pendant quelques secondes à une partie réelle, les experts se souvenaient dans 70 à 80 % des cas de l'entièreté des pièces disposées, alors que 30 à 40 % des amateurs réussissaient cette épreuve. Quelques années plus tard, Simon et Chase (1973) ont répliqué ces résultats. ...
July 1973
American Scientist
