William F. Sharkey's research while affiliated with University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa and other places

... In contrast, Eastern individuals emphasize their selves more as boundless and in relation to their social environments. The cultural differences in the self and their influences have been observed by many researchers, not only in behavioral/psychological studies, [87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97] but also in neural studies. [98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105] These studies have been conducted either in different cultural groups or using cultural (self-construal) priming (or both). ...

... One may embarrass oneself through one's own behaviour (e.g., loss of body control, social 'gaffes' and so on) (Goffman, 1968: 268-269), or alternatively, one may trigger embarrassment in another co-interactant. The latter has been termed strategic embarrassment in cases where triggering embarrassment in others is built into turn design (Bradford and Petronio, 1998;Gross and Stone, 1964;Sharkey, 1992Sharkey, , 1997: ...

... One may also argue that visual impairments can affect gesture acquisition and use. Researchers who discuss the importance of visual perception such as social learning, watching and imitating a model argues that visual impairments may naturally lead to some limitations in the use of gestures (Frame, 2000;Sharkey et al., 2000). On the other hand, the researchers address that the only factor in the acquisition of the gestures is not the visual perception and discuss that the gestures are the natural processes of speech (Iverson & Goldin-Meadow, 1997;1998;Iverson et al., 2000). ...

... Participants of the trial were at medium-risk of ongoing disability and findings may not be relevant for those with low or high risk of ongoing disability. The interview potentially may have represented a medical encounter [43] and may have elicited a partial account of participants' experiences as it may have affected their willingness to express their full views. However, low participant reactivity was noted throughout the interviews which was supported by a flexible interview guide with open-ended questions and good rapport with the interviewer. ...

... Research on conversational memory has been limited, especially research concerning memory for forensic conversations. What research has been conducted, however, shows that participants remember few details of their prior conversations (Miller et al., 1996;Pezdek & Prull, 1993;Ross & Sicoly, 1979;Samp & Humphreys, 2007;Stafford et al., 1987;Stafford & Daly, 1984). For instance, Stafford and Daley (1984) had students engage in a conversation with one another and later asked both members of the dyad to recall their conversation. ...

... (Kwan et al., 1997), 5.67/5.00 (Singelis et al., 1999), and 5.62/5.29 (Ng and Zhu, 2001). The interdependent/independent differences are in fact relatively small in all three studies. ...

... Individuals employing self-defeating or self-deprecating humor say funny things at their own expense. By calling attention to personal flaws or showing oneself to be unable to behave appropriately, the self-deprecator attempts to achieve solidarity and closeness with others through humor (Sharkey, Park, & Kim, 2004). ...

... However, studies have also shown how individuals intentionally create embarrassing situations for others, in order to gain gratification. This type of embarrassment is called intentional embarrassment (Sharkey, 1992). The gratification sought can be extrinsic, intrinsic and/or social; extrinsic: to establish and/or maintain power; intrinsic: to experience pleasure, sense of pride and success, and selfsatisfaction; social: to achieve an idealized role-identity in a social setting. ...

... Similarly, a study investigating emotionally contrastive speech tasks (elicited using neutral vs. psychologically stressful interviews) found significantly increased head velocity under the stressed condition, corroborated by increases in concurrently recorded heart rate (Giannakakis et al., 2018). Congenitally blind speakers have been shown to move their heads while speaking with non-sighted speech partners, showing that speech entrains head movement despite, in this instance, lacking a communicative role that would usually be expressed through the visual channel (Sharkey and Stafford, 1990). Another relevant study by Hadar (1991) measured the head movement of aphasics and normal controls engaged in speech during interviews. ...

... Further research is needed to understand the reasons behind the noted discrepancy of actual and presented self in the organizational context 9 . 9 Kim and Sharkey (1995) ...