William E. Hanson’s research while affiliated with Purdue University West Lafayette and other places

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Publications (17)


The Relationship Between Episodic and Dispositional Forgiveness, Psychosocial Development, and Counseling
  • Article

October 2012

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47 Reads

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7 Citations

Counseling and Values

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William E. Hanson

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Valerie Schwiebert

The relationship between episodic and dispositional forgiveness and the resolution of Erikson's (1963) psychosocial crises were explored in this study. Participants (N = 66) completed the Enright Forgiveness Inventory (Enright & Rique, 2004), Tendency to Forgive Scale (Brown, 2003), and Measures of Psychosocial Development (Hawley, 1988). Results are consistent with forgiveness and Eriksonian theories. Episodic forgiveness and dispositional forgiveness accounted for 8% and 10%, respectively, of the variance in global resolution of psychosocial crises. The most pronounced relationship was between both forgiveness types and Erikson's crises related to basic trust and ego integrity. Implications for counseling research, practice, and training are discussed.


Building Confidence in Psychological Assessment as a Therapeutic Intervention: An Empirically Based Reply to Lilienfeld, Garb, and Wood (2011)
  • Article
  • Publisher preview available

December 2011

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78 Reads

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28 Citations

Psychological Assessment

Lilienfeld, Garb, and Wood (2011) commented on our recently published meta-analysis (Poston & Hanson, 2010). In their thorough, fine-grained critique, they questioned the study's inclusion criteria, sampling, and results, suggesting the latter are "overstated" (p. 1048). Additionally, they discussed the Barnum effect, suggesting that it accounts, at least partially, for the potential efficacy and/or effectiveness of psychological assessment as a therapeutic intervention (PATI). In addressing Lilienfeld et al.'s (2011) concerns, we incorporate their suggestions and present new findings based on the original data set, including 15 independent and 56 dependent effect sizes (ESs). Upon reanalysis, a comparable, significant overall Cohen's d ES of 0.403 (95% CI [0.302, 0.503]) was found, thus building confidence in our original results, as well as the overall efficacy of PATI. Given PATI's potential treatment utility, we mention possible change mechanisms, above and beyond Barnum effects. And finally, in hopes of launching the field forward, we offer suggestions for future research and collaboration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved).

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National Survey of Psychologists' Test Feedback Training, Supervision, and Practice: A Mixed Methods Study

July 2010

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47 Reads

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36 Citations

In this empirical, mixed methods study, we explored test feedback training, supervision, and practice among psychologists, focusing specifically on how feedback is provided to clients and whether feedback skills are taught in graduate programs. Based on a 48.5% return rate, this national survey of clinical, counseling, and school psychologists' suggests psychologists provide test feedback to clients but inconsistently. Most respondents, 91.7%, indicated they give verbal feedback at least some of the time, whereas 35% do so every time. However, 2.8% indicated they never give feedback. A negative correlation exists for clinical psychologists between years since graduation and providing verbal feedback. Of particular interest, approximately one third of respondents indicated predoctoral coursework, practica, and internship were of little-to-no help in preparing them to provide feedback. Also, feedback training in predoctoral coursework, practica, and internship was not correlated to actually providing feedback. There was, however, a significant correlation between postdoctoral training and providing feedback. Consistent with existing ethical exceptions, the most frequent reason for not providing feedback was using assessments in forensic settings. Individuals who indicated their training was not helpful cited "trial and error" and self-instruction as ways in which they learned feedback skills. We discuss implications and suggestions for feedback training, research, and practice.


Meta-Analysis of Psychological Assessment as a Therapeutic Intervention

June 2010

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588 Reads

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269 Citations

Psychological Assessment

This study entails the use of meta-analytic techniques to calculate and analyze 18 independent and 52 nonindependent effect sizes across 17 published studies of psychological assessment as a therapeutic intervention. In this sample of studies, which involves 1,496 participants, a significant overall Cohen's d effect size of 0.423 (95% CI [0.321, 0.525]) was found, whereby 66% of treatment group means fell above the control and comparison group means. When categorical variables were taken into account, significant treatment group effects were found for therapy process variables (d = 1.117, [0.679, 1.555]), therapy outcomes (d = 0.367, [0.256, 0.478]), and combined process/outcome variables (d = 0.547, [0.193, 0.901]). These findings appear to be robust on the basis of fail-safe N calculations. Taken together, they suggest that psychological assessment procedures-when combined with personalized, collaborative, and highly involving test feedback-have positive, clinically meaningful effects on treatment, especially regarding treatment processes. They also have important implications for assessment practice, training, and policy making, as well as future research, which are discussed in the conclusion of the article.


National Survey of Psychologists’ Training and Practice in Breaking Bad News: A Mixed Methods Study of the MUM Effect

May 2010

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68 Reads

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19 Citations

Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings

Research on breaking bad news has involved undergraduates, medical students, and physicians. However, to date, no studies have examined how, or whether, psychologists are trained to break bad news, as well as their current practice of breaking bad news. This mixed methods study explored the training and practice of 329 licensed psychologists/APA members in breaking bad news, using the MUM effect as a theoretical backdrop. Results suggest (1) psychologists are, as hypothesized, significantly more reluctant to break bad news than good news, (2) anxiety accounts for 30.6% of the variance in their reluctance, and (3) three-out-of-four psychologists break bad news "to some extent" or more, most typically related to a patient's psychological health, major Axis I diagnosis, or learning disability. Results also suggest most psychologists are not trained to break bad news, with only 2.7% being familiar with existing recommendations and guidelines; and anxiety, concerns for self/other, context, and norms play an important role in the bad news breaking process. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed and a training model is proposed.



Qualitative Research Designs Selection and Implementation

March 2007

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5,952 Reads

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2,422 Citations

The Counseling Psychologist

Counseling psychologists face many approaches from which to choose when they conduct a qualitative research study. This article focuses on the processes of selecting, contrasting, and implementing five different qualitative approaches. Based on an extended example related to test interpretation by counselors, clients, and communities, this article provides a detailed discussion about five qualitative approaches— narrative research; case study research; grounded theory; phenomenology; and participatory action research—as alternative qualitative procedures useful in understanding test interpretation. For each approach, the authors offer perspectives about historical origins, definition, variants, and the procedures of research.


Effects of Test Interpretation Style and Favorability in the Counseling Process

July 2006

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36 Reads

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8 Citations

Journal of counseling and development: JCD

Two styles of test interpretation (TI), delivered and interactive, were manipulated in a 1‐session counseling interview. The favorability of the interpretations (i.e., positive only and mixed) was also manipulated. After completing a well‐known personality test, 46 participants completed the TI session. Participants' thoughts and perceptions of their sessions and counselors did not differ across the 4 experimental conditions. However, their TI acceptance and helpfulness ratings did differ. Implications for TI research and practice are discussed.



Language Brokering: An Integrative Review of the Literature

November 2005

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626 Reads

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334 Citations

Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences

This article reviews the literature in the area of language brokering. Language brokers are children of immigrant families who translate and interpret for their parents and other individuals. Results suggest that language brokers possess unique characteristics that make them suitable for their role as the family’s translator and interpreter. Parents select the child language broker based on certain personal qualities. Language brokers translate and interpret a variety of documents in a variety of settings. There is not a clear understanding of the influence of language brokering on children’s academic performance. There is not a clear understanding of how language brokering experiences help or harm the parent-child relationship. Further research is needed to better understand the role that language brokering plays in the lives and well-being of children.


Citations (16)


... Data was gathered through in-depth interviews completed online or face-to-face, using a series of semi structured questions that reflect in the introduction earlier. Purposive sampling was used to collect a sample that met the criteria of the researchers and provided the required data (Cresswell, 2018). Therefore, the data are saturated to six informants that fit the inclusive criteria set; they are among youth studying at universities located in Shah Alam , from 18 to 30 years old, eligible voters during the 15th general election in Malaysia and actively engaged in using social media platforms. ...

Reference:

2023 FINAL Proceeding MAG SCHOLAR
Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches
  • Citing Article

... Building upon this line of research, the present study uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods design (Greene et al., 1989;Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2003;Johnson and Turner, 2003;Creswell et al., 2003;Creswell, 2005;Hanson et al., 2005) to understand EFL learners' conceptions of written qualitative feedback and explore how such conceptions contribute to their writing development. We aim to address three specific research questions: 1) How many factors emerge from EFL learners' conception of written qualitative feedback? ...

Handbook of Mixed Methods Social and Behavioral Research
  • Citing Book
  • January 2010

... Counseling & Psychosocial Well-being A study carried out to determine the relationship among forgiveness, psychosocial development and counseling. Concluded that there is significant link between counseling and psychosocial development (Poston, Hanson, & Schwiebert, 2012).A study supported psychological counseling because it causes positive changes in the perceived well-being of clients and the attitude and authorization of psychological counseling services (Cooke, Melchert, & Connor, 2016). In addition, counseling as an intervention is considered culturally relevant and acceptable. ...

The Relationship Between Episodic and Dispositional Forgiveness, Psychosocial Development, and Counseling
  • Citing Article
  • October 2012

Counseling and Values

... Experimental studies of psychological assessment and TFB as an intervention are also finding significant effects on outcome variables such as therapeutic alliance (Ackerman et al., 2000;Hilsenroth et al., 2004), self-reported symptoms (De Saeger et al., 2014;J. D. Smith et al., 2015), self-esteem (Finn & Tonsager, 1992;Newman & Greenway, 1997), and perceptions of the assessor's helpfulness (Hanson & Claiborn, 2006;Hanson et al., 1997). ...

Effects of Test Interpretation Style and Favorability in the Counseling Process
  • Citing Article
  • July 2006

Journal of counseling and development: JCD

... This study employed a qualitative research methodology to explore gender role in personal decision-making processes in choosing self-employed family medicine practice (Creswell et al. 2007). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-seven Israeli family physicians who had transitioned to self-employed practice within the previous seven years. ...

Qualitative Research Designs Selection and Implementation
  • Citing Article
  • March 2007

The Counseling Psychologist

... Morales ve Hanson (2005) çalışmalarında, dil aracılığı için ebeveynlerin çocuklarından birini asıl dil aracısı olarak seçtiğini ve çeviri ihtiyacı doğduğunda özellikle seçilen çocuğun yardımına başvurulduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Alanyazında ağırlıklı olarak ev halkından en büyük ya da en küçük çocuğun ailenin asıl dil aracısı olarak seçildiği belirtilmektedir (Esquivel, 2012;Morales ve Hanson, 2005). Bu çalışmada ise, kardeş sıralamasında ortanca olan çocuklar, her ne kadar büyük ve küçük kardeşlerinden belli düzeylerde destek aldıklarını dile getirseler de, aile içindeki asıl dil aracıları pozisyonundadır. ...

Language Brokering: An Integrative Review of the Literature
  • Citing Article
  • November 2005

Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences

... The ICCs of 0.78 and 0.92 for the total score allow concluding that the two versions are reproducible, as shown in adult therapy (Hanson et al., 2002). Reliability increases with the total score increase. ...

Reliability Generalization of Working Alliance Inventory Scale Scores
  • Citing Article
  • August 2002

Educational and Psychological Measurement

... The qualitative data set will serve to shed light on quantitative results, but also enable the research team to identify gaps. Creswell and Plano Clark also point out that triangulation is relevant when striving to understand a complex phenomenon and explore multiple levels within a system (the system in focus in the present research being schools) [56][57][58]. This is consistent with Guevel et al. 's argument for the relevance of an embedded QUAN(Qual) mixed method research design for health promotion [59]. ...

Advance Mixed methods Research Designs
  • Citing Chapter
  • January 2003

... Building upon this line of research, the present study uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods design (Greene et al., 1989;Tashakkori and Teddlie, 2003;Johnson and Turner, 2003;Creswell et al., 2003;Creswell, 2005;Hanson et al., 2005) to understand EFL learners' conceptions of written qualitative feedback and explore how such conceptions contribute to their writing development. We aim to address three specific research questions: 1) How many factors emerge from EFL learners' conception of written qualitative feedback? ...

Mixed Methods Research Designs in Counseling Psychology

Journal of Counseling Psychology