William E. Crozier's research while affiliated with Duke University and other places
What is this page?
This page lists the scientific contributions of an author, who either does not have a ResearchGate profile, or has not yet added these contributions to their profile.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
Publications (33)
The field of psychology–law is extremely broad, encompassing a strikingly large range of topic areas in both applied psychology and experimental psychology. Despite the continued and rapid growth of the field, there is no current and comprehensive resource that provides coverage of the major topic areas in the psychology–law field. The Oxford Handb...
Plea deals resolve the vast majority of prosecuted criminal cases in the U.S. legal system. Prosecutors hold disproportionate power in plea bargaining and have been blamed for driving punitiveness and racial disparities. Progressive prosecutors aim to reverse these trends, but little is known about how they will alter plea practices. We conducted q...
Experimental psychologists investigating eyewitness memory have periodically published “consensus documents” that reflect widely held scientific opinion on eyewitness memory phenomena. The last consensus document that aimed to inform the court was published two decades ago. The science of eyewitness memory has changed considerably since that time a...
Interviews and interrogations represent opportunities for law enforcement to collect information in investigations and to contribute to criminal prosecutions. In many jurisdictions, police are legally permitted to engage in deception in interviews and interrogations. For example, police might lie to suspects about the evidence they have or do not h...
Effectiveness of reason-based jury instructions to increase discriminability between more and less reliable eyewitnesses.
The authors argue that defining what constitutes an erroneous alibi may be more difficult than seems at first glance, and how the effect of an incorrect statement can be long-lasting. The authors explain how erroneous alibis can include both intentionally and unintentionally incorrect alibi statements, summarize the research suggesting evaluators t...
The impact of low-level criminal enforcement on communities has been the subject of a growing body of scholarship and policy work, and awareness that even minor offenses can impose unaffordable criminal debt and negatively affect other rights. Many jurisdictions suspend driving privileges for nonpayment of traffic fines or court nonappearance witho...
Treatment courts aim to reduce criminal recidivism by addressing the behavioral health care needs of persons with psychiatric or substance use disorders that contribute to their offending. Stable funding and access to behavioral health providers are crucial elements of success for the treatment court model. What happens when courts lose state fundi...
Objectives:
Firearms experts traditionally have testified that a weapon leaves "unique" toolmarks, so bullets or cartridge casings can be visually examined and conclusively matched to a particular firearm. Recently, due to scientific critiques, Department of Justice policy, and judges' rulings, firearms experts have tempered their conclusions. In...
Although research has focused on how inconsistencies in alibi statements are perceived by law enforcement and legal decision-makers, less attention has been paid to the cognitive factors that may mitigate such inconsistencies. Using a novel, ecologically-valid paradigm, across two experiments (507 events for N=134), we examined the accuracy, level...
Forensic testimony plays a crucial role in many criminal cases, with requests to crime laboratories steadily increasing. As part of efforts to improve the reliability of forensic evidence, scientific and policy groups increasingly recommend routine and blind proficiency tests of practitioners. What is not known is how doing so affects how lay juror...
Faulty forensic science sometimes makes its way into the courtroom where jurors must evaluate its credibility. But at least two factors may inflate how credible jurors find claims about forensic science: the mere context of a court case and the cognitive fluency of the evidence. To investigate, we asked people to judge various claims about forensic...
Although research has focused on how inconsistencies in alibi statements are perceived by law enforcement and legal decision-makers, less attention has been paid to the cognitive factors that may mitigate such inconsistencies. Using a novel, ecologically-valid paradigm, across two experiments (507 events for N=134), we examined the accuracy, level...
Forensic examiners regularly testify in criminal cases, informing the jurors whether crime scene evidence likely came from a source. In this study, we examine the impact of providing jurors with testimony further qualified by error rates and likelihood ratios, for expert testimony concerning two forensic disciplines: commonly used fingerprint compa...
A person’s interest in a driver’s license is “substantial,” and as the U.S. Supreme Court has observed, the suspension of a license by the state can result in “inconvenience and economic hardship suffered,” including because a license may be “essential in the pursuit of a livelihood.” However, forty-four U.S. states currently require indefinite sus...
During suspect interviews, police will sometimes ask about hypothetical incriminating evidence to evoke a cue to deception – a technique known as a bait question. Previous research has demonstrated such questions can distort peoples’ memory for what evidence exists in a case. Here, we investigate whether such memory distortion can also cause people...
During suspect interviews, police will sometimes ask about hypothetical incriminating evidence to evoke a cue to deception – a technique known as a bait question. Previousresearch has demonstrated such questions can distort peoples’ memory for what evidence exists in a case. Here, we investigate whether such memory distortion can also cause people...
Across the country, pretrial policies and practices concerning the use of cash bail are in flux, but it is not readily possible for members of the public to assess whether or how those changes in policy and practice are affecting outcomes. A range of actors affect the jail population, including: law enforcement who make arrest decisions, magistrate...
Now more than ever, body cameras, surveillance footage, dash-cam footage, and bystanders with phones enable people to see for themselves officer and civilian behavior and determine the justifiability of officers' actions. This paper examines whether the camera perspective by which people watch police encounters influences the conclusions that peopl...
Decades of memory research have demonstrated a dire need for effective methods of correcting misinformation, particularly once it has been encoded. However, much of this research has exposed participants to misinformation first, and later provides a correction, using indirect memory questions. Using a Misinformation Effect paradigm, in which partic...
Via “contamination,” false confessions usually contain accurate and nonpublic details, and details that are inconsistent with the case facts (Garrett, 2010). In two studies (N1 = 476; N2 = 364), we replicated previous findings that inconsistent confessions yield fewer guilty verdicts than accurate confessions (Henderson & Levett, 2016; Palmer et al...
Now more than ever, people have access to police footage, yet people still disagree about what some footage depicts. This is not surprising given that research on attention, perception, and memory demonstrates that motivations, biases, and context shape what people see and remember. However, we do not know whether people are attuned to the fact tha...
Body-worn camera (BWC) footage is expected to be objective thereby improving transparency. But can other information about an incident affect how people perceive BWC footage? In two experiments, we examined the effects of officer-generated misinformation and outcome information on people’s memory for an event. Participants viewed BWC footage and/or...
Bait questions—where an investigator questions a suspect about the existence of hypothetical evidence—are a widely employed interviewing tactic. We examined whether these bait questions are a vehicle for misinformation to enter a criminal case, leading mock jurors to misremember the evidence. Adapting the misinformation effect paradigm, participant...
Alibis play a critical role in the criminal justice system. Yet research on the process of alibi generation and evaluation is still nascent. Indeed, similar to other widely investigated psychological phenomena in the legal system – such as false confessions, historical claims of abuse, and eyewitness memory – the basic assumptions underlying alibi...
To contribute to the 2015 Conference Retrospective, we chronicled the 22-year history of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (SARMAC). Throughout the 70s, 80s, and early 90s, there was no society dedicated to applied cognitive work. That changed in 1994, when researchers at the third iteration of the Practical Aspects of Memory...
Citations
... In proven wrongful conviction cases, where an alibi was presented by the defendant, the alibi was often not believed (about 70% of the first 250 DNA exoneration cases in the USA; Garrett, 2011). Most of the wrongful convicted people presented an alibi that was supported by no or weak evidence (Cardenas et al., 2022;Wells, 1998). These results illustrate that the strength of the supportive evidence plays an prominent role in determining the alibi believability and ultimately whether the court believes that the suspect is innocent or guilty. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/634577815089158-1528306549791_Q64/Stephanie-Cardenas-2.jpg)
... One indirect penalty is the assignment of higher bail amounts to people held in jail on a charge of failure to appear compared to amounts assigned for other similarly serious charges . Direct penalties include forfeiture of bond, driver's license suspensions, fines, additional criminal charges, and jail time (Bornstein et al., 2013;Crozier & Garrett, 2019;Crozier et al., 2020;Crozier et al., 2021;Karnow, 2008). The consequences of failing to appear can carry forward and impact future court involvement. ...
... For details regarding the preregistration, the number of exclusions for each of the exclusion questions, as well as the nature of the exclusion questions, refer to OSF (https://osf.io/ nhe5v; Quigley-McBride et al., 2022) and Supplemental Materials. All participants who passed the attention checks were paid for their time (the amount was determined by Qualtrics). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/1092973521567747-1637596602807_Q64/Adele-Quigley-Mcbride-2.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/660258758348801-1534429363921_Q64/Chad-Dodson.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/936147760992256-1600206427051_Q64/Jennifer-Teitcher.jpg)
... One indirect penalty is the assignment of higher bail amounts to people held in jail on a charge of failure to appear compared to amounts assigned for other similarly serious charges . Direct penalties include forfeiture of bond, driver's license suspensions, fines, additional criminal charges, and jail time (Bornstein et al., 2013;Crozier & Garrett, 2019;Crozier et al., 2020;Crozier et al., 2021;Karnow, 2008). The consequences of failing to appear can carry forward and impact future court involvement. ...
... S. Department of Justice Guidelines, firearm examiners in some jurisdictions have tempered the description of their conclusions in criminal court testimony [7,8]. ...
Reference: Surveying practicing firearm examiners
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/279070010036234-1443546883423_Q64/Nicholas-Scurich.jpg)
... The authors reported that only about half of the information was consistent across the two alibi sessions. In several more recent studies, in which researchers could establish ground truth, participants often failed to provide alibis that were fully accurate (Cardenas et al., 2020;Eastwood et al., 2021;Laliberte et al., 2021;Leins and Charman, 2016). Not only are these sorts of ordinary mistakes likely to be viewed with scepticism, but they may also be viewed as a sign of deceit (Dysart and Strange, 2012). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272370011209728-1441949479057_Q64/Deryn-Strange.jpg)
... Blind proficiency testing is an important tool to forensic quality assurance program as it can demonstrate quality and provide insight into the errors that occur in a laboratory in everyday casework [17]. As the blind proficiency testing is designed to mitigate observer effects and cognitive biases, routine use of blind proficiency testing could valuably inform jury decision-making at criminal trials [18]. ...
Reference: Interpol review of toxicology 2019–2022
... Truthiness is not exclusive to trivia claims. Non-probative but related photos also increase perceived credibility of both expert and non-expert witnesses in forensic contexts (Derksen et al., 2020;Sanson et al., 2020), increase the propensity for people to misremember past events (Cardwell et al., 2016;Wade et al., 2002), and increase 'likes' and 'shares' in a social media environment (Fenn et al., 2019). The existing empirical research suggests that truthiness occurs throughout a variety of judgment contexts because non-probative but related photos make claims feel subjectively easier to process (i.e., increase processing fluency) compared to when no photo is present (e.g., Jacoby & Dallas, 1981;Whittlesea, 1993). ...
Reference: Stable truthiness effect across the lifespan
... We hypothesized that jury instructions containing error frequency information may better attenuate the strength that jurors place on eyewitness testimony. This hypothesis is somewhat exploratory; some studies have found jurors do not incorporate quantitative information well, while in other settings, jurors may find error rate information particularly salient (Garrett, Crozier, & Grady, 2020;Mitchell & Garrett, 2019). ...
... One indirect penalty is the assignment of higher bail amounts to people held in jail on a charge of failure to appear compared to amounts assigned for other similarly serious charges . Direct penalties include forfeiture of bond, driver's license suspensions, fines, additional criminal charges, and jail time (Bornstein et al., 2013;Crozier & Garrett, 2019;Crozier et al., 2020;Crozier et al., 2021;Karnow, 2008). The consequences of failing to appear can carry forward and impact future court involvement. ...
