Wesley G. Skogan’s research while affiliated with Northwestern University and other places

... As a remedy to poor policecitizen relations, community advocates, police leadership, and politicians frequently call for "community policing." In this model, officers engage with citizens in informal settings to learn about community needs and build personal links that encourage trust (Skogan and Hartnett 1997). Existing studies of community policing focus almost exclusively on citizen-facing outcomes, finding mixed effects on citizen attitudes, crime reporting, and crime rates (Blair et al. 2021;Gill et al. 2014). ...

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How Does Community Policing Affect Police Attitudes? An Experimental Test and a Theory of Bureaucrat-Citizen Contact

... "I CAN'T BREATHE" and the 2014 cellphone-generated video that exposed the encounter in which police officer Daniel Pantaleo choked Eric Garner to death now stand as a striking reminder of the intrusive nature and interpretative impact that policing practices have on ordinary residents. Before Pantaleo targeted Garner for selling individual cigarettes, cities like New York and Chicago legally authorized proactive policing strategies that increased the frequency of encounters between police and residents in areas city officials identify as crime hotspots (Baumgartner et al. 2018;Fagan et al. 2016;Skogan 2023). Disproportionately targeting Black men (Brunson 2007;Duck 2017;Gau and Brunson 2015;Kirk and Papachristos 2011), these intrusive police stops have prompted residents like Ramsey Orta to respond to the pervasive presence of police by using their cellphones to record police behavior. ...

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Recognizing “camera cues”: policing, cellphones and citizen countersurveillance

... Foot patrols are a core component of community policing, focusing on visible, proactive engagement between officers and community members. Unlike vehicle patrols, foot patrols enable officers to build relationships, become familiar with local concerns, and act as both deterrents and connectors (Cordner, 2014). In countries like the United States and United Kingdom, studies have shown that foot patrols increase perceived safety, reduce fear of crime, and enhance public trust-even when crime rates themselves remain unchanged (Ariel et al., 2016;Weisburd & Majmundar, 2018). ...

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THE IMPACT OF FOOT PATROLS ON COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS OF SAFETY AND POLICE LEGITIMACY IN SOUTH AFRICA CONTEXT

... Previous studies have also highlighted that a high level of organizational commitment and positive behaviors in working are correlated, e.g. performance in the job was improved [3], innovation was thought of and applied [4], and productivity of workers increased [5]. These actions are specifically carried out because of what is being perceived by employees. ...

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Impacts of Perceived Justice and Emotional Intelligence on Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

... Our review highlighted the diverse geographical contexts in which the studies were conducted, emphasizing the need to adapt instruments to specific cultural and regional realities through cross-cultural methods. Policing practices vary significantly across countries due to differences in location, population needs, organizational structures, infrastructure, available resources, and technology [66]. Furthermore, variations in police officer categories, workloads, duties, wages, social prestige, and sociopolitical challenges can directly affect the effectiveness of assessment instruments [66]. ...

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Assessment of the Mental Health of Police Officers: A Systematic Review of Specific Instruments

... Positive public perceptions of police also serve practical interests, such as addressing recruitment challenges and rebuilding public trust following the events of 2020 (del Pozo et al., 2024;McClure et al., 2023). This has inspired a multitude of efforts to enhance police transparency in an effort to improve public perceptions of police (Kochel & Skogan, 2021;Schafer, 2013). To improve transparency and community relations, departments have implemented reforms like body-worn cameras (Stoughton, 2017;White et al., 2018), civilian review boards (Adams et al., 2024;McGregor, 2016), and increased focus on community policing strategies (Koslicki et al., 2021). ...

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Fuck: Public Opinion

... Studies were sought from community and problem-oriented policing, and from health, child services and community justice group research involving partnerships (Van Felius, 2022). Community and problem-oriented policing were chosen because of their close relationship to TPP (Bullock et al., 2021;Eck, 2019;Ferrandino, 2014;Scheider et al., 2009;Skogan, 2019). Both problem-oriented policing and TPP emphasise the use of a systematic problem-solving process in much the same way (Eck, 2019;Eck and Spelman, 1987;Scheider et al., 2009), whereas TPP and community policing both engage others to assist with crime prevention and control Ransley, 2006, 2019;Skogan, 2019). ...

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Conceptualising and maintaining partnership engagement, what is required? An analysis of three third-party policing partnerships in Australia and the UK

... On the other hand, posts may be conceptualized as community-oriented. Community-oriented posts emphasize community engagement, problem-solving, partnership building, and community representation (Skogan et al., 1999). Whereas law enforcement-oriented posts may reflect more of the warrior philosophy that has consumed much of policing-at least historically-community-oriented posts may reflect more of the guardian philosophy (for a related discussion, see McLean et al., 2020). ...

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The use of TikTok by the police

... First, in line with empirical evidence from a few developing nations (Kochel, 2013;Oteng-Ababio et al., 2016), the results of the current study demonstrate that even communities with serious issues can generate a sense of collective efficacy. This result goes against the body of knowledge from industrialized nations, which frequently links lower-income neighborhoods with a lack of collective efficacy, which fuels increased crime and disorder (Maxwell et al., 2018;Sampson & Wikstrom, 2008). Most neighborhoods in the current study have poor infrastructure, significant poverty rates, or characteristics often attributed to social disorganization. ...

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The Impact of Collective Efficacy, and Policing Practices on Perceived Crime Problem: Evidence from Neighborhoods of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

... Up to this point, nearly all the research on race-based discrimination in policing has focused on Black/Afri-can American officers, with Hispanics/Latinos, Asians, and other minority subgroups receiving very little to no consideration (e.g., Carter 1986;Gallardo 2020;Gau, Paoline, and Roman 2021;Holder, Nee, and Ellis 2000;Schroedel et al. 1994;Yu 2022b). While there is basis for this targeted approach-for example, criminal justice reform initiatives such as President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967) and President Obama's Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2015) were both enacted during periods of crisis between the police and the Black communities, respectively and concentrated on improving racial diversity in the police force with Black/African American officers (Skogan 2018)-race-based discrimination can extend to all race or ethnic subgroups, although research found that racial minorities were more likely to perceive workplace discrimination than White employees (Alteri 2020;Bradbury, Battaglio, and Crum 2010;Lee 2020;McCord et al. 2018;Ortega et al. 2012;Triana, Del Carmen, and Pieper 2015;Yu 2022a). For example, Carter (1986) and Gallardo (2020) reported in their studies on Hispanic police officers' workplace environment that race-based discrimination was prevalent throughout the department's recruitment, hiring, and promotion practices and this negatively impacted non-White officers. ...

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Structural Racism in the Federal Workplace: An Intersectional Approach to Examining Race-Based Discrimination in Law Enforcement