Wesley G. Jennings's research while affiliated with University of Mississippi and other places
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Publications (271)
The study of criminal careers has been the focus of a long line of research dating back to the early nineteenth century. Despite this rich history, it is only more recently that life-course research has begun efforts to unpack the complexity of criminal career dimensions. This approach has yielded important research findings with relevant policy im...
Life-course research has benefited recently from the development and application of advanced statistical methods, most notably group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM). These methods have allowed life-course researchers to assess taxonomies of offending and identify distinct offender trajectories. Guided by this methodological framework, this chapter...
The main aim of this chapter is to summarize recent results of the CSDD from 2013 to 2023, based on analyses of the G2 males. Brief summaries of some of the main findings can be found in Farrington (The Cambridge study in delinquent development. In: Eaves D, Webster CD, Haque Q, Eaves-Thalken J (eds) Risk rules: a practical guide to structured prof...
Official criminal records are one of the most well-known sources of crime data. Accordingly, this chapter reviews the process whereby the criminal record searches were conducted in order to construct the life-course conviction records among the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD) males from ages 10 to 61. This rich offending informatio...
Other than official data, self-report data is the second-most utilized source for information on offending. Recognizing the inherent limitations of official and self-report data in terms of sources for crime measurement, this chapter provides an in-depth exploration into the prevalence and frequency of offending among the CSDD males with a specific...
The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD) represents one of the longest and most comprehensive prospective longitudinal studies in the world focusing on offending, risk factors, and life events. This chapter, based on the corresponding chapter in the previous edition (Farrington DP, Piquero, AR, Jennings WG, Offending from childhood to l...
This chapter lists the references for the 120 publications from the CSDD in 2013–2023. The key findings are summarized in Chap. 6.
Despite the wealth of research investigating the adverse consequences of bullying, few studies have tested how bullying victimization is related to risky sexual behavior, such as unprotected sex among adolescents. To fill this gap, the current study examined the association between bullying victimization and the non-use of condoms, considering the...
Prior research has frequently employed various methods for investigating issues surrounding publication productivity and authorship, including examinations of the number of co-authors in peer-reviewed journal articles and the order of authorship. Relying on 5 years of data from publications from the “Big 5” journals in criminology and criminal just...
Marijuana enforcement remains a major point of entry to the criminal justice system despite broad state level reforms. The knowledge base on marijuana enforcement, however, is small and predates the current national decriminalization-legalization movement and is comprised almost entirely of survey data on officer attitudes regarding drug law, polic...
Intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) is a concerning, yet understudied form of intimate partner violence. Using data from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), the current study builds on prior research to explore variation in tactics used to facilitate IPSV and their relationship with physical and mental health outco...
General strain theory (GST) argues that experiencing strain is related to criminal behavior through experiencing negative emotional states. Although differences in these negative emotional states have been highlighted as a key way to understand gender differences in crime, it still remains unclear how these negative emotions may operate differently...
Developmental and life course criminology (DLC) is founded on an extensive literature examining the relationship between age and crime in general and the criminal paradigm more specifically. The widely recognized assumption that criminal and antisocial behavior generally manifests in childhood and adolescence and eventually disappears in adulthood...
Recidivism is an umbrella term describing "the commission of repeat offenses", and is a common measure for program evaluation in criminology and criminal justice research. Recidivism also requires considering the length of time offenders' records are followed. The U.S. Sentencing Commission released a report in 2016 that provided a comprehensive pr...
This review aims to synthesize the evaluation evidence for parent‐engagement programs that focus on reducing juvenile truancy as the primary outcome. Delinquent behavior will be assessed as a secondary outcome when included. This objective is guided by the following research questions: (1) what is the effectiveness of parent‐engagement programs for...
The current study builds on extant publication productivity CCJ research by applying a social network analysis to examine the presence of an “invisible college” of scholarship in experimental CCJ scholarship. Relying on data from 298 articles and 678 unique authors published in the Journal of Experimental Criminology (JEC) from 2011 to 2020, the re...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the extant published literature using traditional criminological theories in an effort to explain police misconduct.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper reflects a narrative meta-review of through a search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts, Criminology: A SAGE Full Text...
Purpose: The aim of this review was to estimate the effect of COVID-19-related restrictions (i.e., stay at home orders, lockdown orders) on reported incidents of domestic violence.
Methods A systematic review of articles was conducted in various databases and a meta-analysis was also performed. The search was carried out based on conventional scien...
It is well known that victims do not consistently report crimes. More problematically, victims in disadvantaged neighborhoods with high percentages of minority residents are not likely to report at high rates. Crime mapping is often considered at an aggregate level; however, the present study examines crime from a victim-perspective to better under...
Despite a recent growth in studies on cyberbullying, extant knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of cyberbullying remain limited. Relying on a longitudinal sample of South Korean adolescents, the present study investigates the dynamics of cyberbullying via traditional bullying, self-control, and delinquent peer association. Results of cross-lagge...
Runaway behavior is incredibly prevalent among youth and has been associated with a host of negative distal outcomes to include repeat running, victimization, and future offending. Notably, girls run away at higher frequencies than boys, and the experiences, motivations, and effects of running away appear to vary by gender. However, relatively litt...
One of the goals of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was to improve law enforcement responses to sexual and domestic violence by providing funding to expand prevention, enhance investigations, and increase victim services. Since VAWA’s enactment, police responses to these crimes have evolved, including officer responses to victims and offender...
Police use-of-force in general, and police use of deadly force in particular, has been at the forefront of national media attention in recent years. Despite this visibility, scholarly attention to the complexities and nuances of the dynamics at play that lead to fatal and non-fatal outcomes for suspects involved in these encounters has been limited...
Purpose: This study aims to examine joint trajectories of victimization and delinquency and the extent to which predictors account for the overlap between two.
Methods: Drawing on a nationally representative sample of South Korean adolescents, the latent trajectory groups for victimization and delinquency are identified through group-based traject...
During pandemics, like COVID-19, law enforcement agencies are responsible for working with government and public health officials to contain spread, serve the local community, and maintain public order. Given the person-to-person spread of COVID-19 through respiratory droplets, law enforcement officers are also at a heightened risk of exposure due...
In the U.S. prison system, incarcerated persons with a disability represent a largely marginalized population with limited or inadequate provision of services in prison. In general, once released, ex-offenders face a number of challenges when they reenter society ranging from access to housing, employment, health care, and substance use services. T...
In light of opioid-associated harms in the past few decades, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has declared a public health emergency that includes a focus on curbing opioid prescribing trends and their negative effects. Higher opioid analgesic (i.e., opioid drugs used for pain management) prescribing rates are associated with variou...
Despite the recognition of the current opioid crisis and its potential for serious public health effects, research examining the association of opioid prescribing practices with criminal justice outcomes at the county-level has been sparse. This chapter utilizes county-level arrest data and data from the PBSS from 2012–2017, and U.S. Census data to...
Past research has shown that certain community characteristics are associated with local opioid prescribing trends (Guy et al., MMWR-Morbid Mortal W, 66(26):697–704, 2017; see also: University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, 2019). The current chapter utilizes U.S. Census data and data from the PBSS from 2012–2017 to examine the association betwee...
This chapter utilizes health data, data from California’s PBSS, and U.S. Census data from 2012–2017 to examine the associations between the county-level opioid prescribing rate and opioid-related health outcomes, while controlling for multiple community characteristics (demographics, population density, housing, income, employment, and health) in a...
The current chapter relies on California data from the PBSS from 2012 and 2017 to detail California’s opioid, stimulant, and benzodiazepine prescribing rates in general, over time, and disaggregated by demographic sub-groups and prescription type. The results show that opioids are prescribed at a higher rate than the other two drug classes. Even so...
This brief uses California’s CURES (Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System) 2.0 data to analyze county-level opioid prescribing rates in California from 2012 to 2017 from multiple perspectives. The book summarizes California’s county-level opioid prescribing trends, examines potential correlates of opioid prescribing rates, a...
The current study provides a longitudinal examination of the relationship between bullying victimization and adolescent physical health. Relying on data from a large sample of adolescents from South Korean schools (Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey), a series of ordinary least squares regression models were estimated for adverse physical healt...
Purpose: To comprehensively review the literature on the early life-course risk factors for violence among Hispanic youth.
Materials and Methods: A systematic search of several academic (e.g. Web of Knowledge, EBSCO Host, JSTOR, Google Scholar) and agency publication databases (e.g. Campbell Collaboration) was conducted.
Results: Nineteen studi...
How has publishing in the field of criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) changed over the last thirty years? Using a dataset combining information on all articles published in the "Big 5" CCJ journals from 1985 to 2017 with their Google Scholar Citations, we identify several key trends. There was an observable positive trend in the number of artic...
The current study assessed attrition in batterer intervention treatment programs (BIPs). The influence of 25 risk and protective factors on treatment "no shows," "dropouts," and "completers" were examined for a large sample of male and female intimate partner violence offenders ( n = 1,553). Multinomial regression analysis demonstrated that the rel...
The current study provides an evaluation of a substance abuse treatment program for probationers in a county in the state of Texas. Relying on a quasi-experimental design with a propensity score matched sample of 69 treatment group subjects and 69 control group subjects, the results revealed that while a significant treatment effect was observed fo...
The American prison system is overcrowded with minorities in general, and African Americans, in particular. The Department of Justice notes that more than 50% of the prison population have some type of mental disability. In this study, we examine the intersection between race and disabilities in the U.S. State prison system. Using the Rehabilitatio...
Offender rehabilitation has received widespread attention in the field of criminology. However, researchers have often overlooked its effects on an important demographic in prison—offenders with disabilities. Relying on data from the Rehabilitation Services Administration, the current study examines the success of vocational rehabilitation services...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to use data from the Longitudinal Study of Violent Criminal Behavior in the USA to examine case configurations of violent behavior using a biopsychosocial framework. Specifically, the theory posits that arguably all behavior is the result of specific combinations of biopsychological (individual) and sociocultur...
Previous empirical inquiries into the etiology of juvenile sex offending have been largely atheoretical. Consequently, a call for studies conducted utilizing developmental and life-course (DLC) criminological theory has been made to better understand the onset, development, risk, and protective factors of juvenile sex offending. Therefore, this stu...
Purpose:
To examine the longitudinal relationship between depression, delinquency, and trajectories of delinquency among Hispanic children and adolescents.
Methods:
Propensity score matching is used to match depressed and non-depressed youth and a combination of group-based trajectory and multinomial logistic regression techniques are used.
Res...
This present study examines the sexual and general recidivism rates of 547 convicted sex offenders released before and after the enactment of Megan’s Law in New Jersey. Presenting the longest Megan’s Law evaluation, participants were followed for an average of 15 years after release (range = 10-29 years). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regress...
There has been a considerable amount of scholarly attention to the relationship between neighborhood effects and conduct disorder, particularly in recent years. Having said this, it has been nearly two decades since a comprehensive synthesis of this literature has been conducted. Relying on a detailed and comprehensive search strategy and inclusion...
Purpose: The analysis of criminal career dimensions has generated a large knowledge base. Unfortunately, the lion's share of this work has been undertaken with males. Methods: The current study seeks to build on the small (but growing) body of research on female offending patterns by examining offending trajectories in general, and chronic offendin...
Adverse childhood experiences can affect the development of a child in many ways, leading to highly maladaptive behaviors, such as serious, violent, and chronic (SVC) delinquency. This study uses data from 64,329 Florida Department of Juvenile Justice youth, collected from 2007 to 2012, to examine both the direct and indirect effects of adverse chi...
This chapter provides a brief overview of some of the main theoretical frameworks as well as empirical evidence that currently exist in developmental and life-course criminology. Discussion is also devoted toward the implications of these theoretical frameworks and the related empirical research for crime prevention, notably early life-course preve...
Based on the interpretations of Agnew's general strain theory (GST), White, African-American, and Hispanic adolescents and young adults were examined longitudinally to identify the intersection between strain and depression that could produce a long-term effect on substance use. Results from full sample and group-based path models indicate that som...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the extant of the published literature on body-worn cameras (BWCs) in policing, specifically in the context of how BWCs affect both citizens and officers.
Design/methodology/approach
The current study is a narrative review of the impact of BWCs on police and citizens generated through a search of four...
Although researchers have made numerous advances in the understanding of the nature, extent, and dynamics of violence against women (VAW), there is an ever-increasing need for data used in academic research and within policy decision-making to be collected via rigorous methodological designs to accurately measure the incidence and impact of VAW. Wh...
Cyberbullying has been subject to a debate about whether it is a subtype of traditional bullying or a distinct deviant behavior from traditional bullying. Applying a longitudinal South Korean youth sample and latent group-based trajectory modeling, the current study examines: 1) an overlap of developmental trajectories between cyberbullying and tra...
This chapter reports on group-based trajectories of offending from ages 11–19 for the PGS females. Specific attention is devoted to the prevalence of the offending trajectory groups, and their developmental patterns of offending during that period. The results from the trajectory analysis identified three trajectories for the girls: non-offenders (...
Criminal career research has long been dominated by findings on males, and this volume redresses the balance by concentrating on delinquency careers of females between the ages of 11 and 19. This chapter lays out the key criminal career parameters that are discussed in the later chapters based on longitudinal data from the Pittsburgh Girls Study (P...
This chapter focuses on comparisons of self-reported offending and criminal career parameters between the PGS females and the male participants from the Youngest and Oldest cohorts from the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS). Specifically, direct comparisons are made for self-reported offending prevalence, frequency, persistence/continuity, age of onset,...
This chapter reports the yearly follow-ups of the four cohorts of girls in the PGS (n = 2450) in terms of their yearly self-reported delinquency admissions between ages 11 and 19. High cooperation characterized the girls’ participation over the years, with 87 % of the sample being interviewed at age 19. Forty percent of the girls reported engaging...
Self-report delinquency data represent one of the main sources of criminological data for measuring the nature and extent of juvenile crime and delinquency. This entry provides a brief review of the history of this source of crime measurement and details its implications for the study of crime and delinquency.
This chapter reports on key criminal career dimensions for girls, such as offense frequency, persistence/continuity, onset, desistance, and career duration, in addition to recidivism and chronic offending. For many girls, the delinquency career was short: one in five of the active offenders only committed a single offense between the ages of 11 and...
The current study provides an examination of the publication productivity of 46 previously identified top-ranked criminology and criminal justice scholars across a host of publication productivity metrics. More importantly, the trajectories of the citations accumulated by these scholars’ published works from 2007–2016 are estimated. Results reveal...
Purpose
A robust literature exists documenting the association between child maltreatment and later life adverse outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between sexual abuse victimization and later life intimate partner violence (IPV) outcomes among male and female college students, which has been less frequently eval...
Prescription pain medication misuse and abuse is a considerable criminal justice and public health problem in the United States. As a result, prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) have been developed and implemented across the country to monitor patients with high abuse potential and to detect abnormalities in the prescribing of controlled...
Purpose
Extensive prior research has documented the relationship between self-control and deviance, albeit almost exclusively at the individual level. In fact, only two recent examinations of self-control and adverse outcomes (including deviance) exist at the macro-level.
Methods
In order to extend prior research, this study relies on data from al...
A significant amount of prior research has focused on the deterrent effects of punishment on the likelihood of recidivism. More recent research has also begun to examine the influence of target hardening strategies for deterring criminal behavior as well. Having said this, the lion’s share of this research has been conducted in Western societies an...
Objectives. To examine how sublethal use-of-force patterns vary across officer–civilian race/ethnicity while accounting for officer-, civilian-, and situational-level factors.
Methods. We extracted cross-sectional data from 5630 use-of-force reports from the Dallas Police Department in 2014 and 2015. We categorized each officer–civilian interactio...
Historical analyses of southern statutes (i.e., Slave Codes, Black Codes, “Jim Crow,” etc.) and their enforcement reveals evidence of an enduring cultural legacy prescribing lethal vengeance to Blacks who violate White sensibilities, especially for Black males accused of sexually assaulting White females. Using a population of official data on capi...
Police officers have a continuum of force options available to them, but, without question, the most extreme of these options is deadly force. Recent officer-involved shootings in the United States, and their subsequent media attention, have placed police use of deadly force at the forefront of political, academic, and policy conversations. While t...
While there has been much empirical research on adult dating violence, only recently has research began to also focus on young adult dating violence in general and teen dating violence specifically. With recognition of the growing research and media attention toward youth and young adult dating violence, the current study provides a systematic revi...
This Brief fills a gap in criminological literature, as there are few empirically-based studies on delinquency of adolescent girls. It provides results of a longitudinal study, The Pittsburgh Girls Study (PGS), which includes 2,451 girls, followed annually from age 10-19, the ages when criminal behavior tends to emerge. This study provides the most...
Criminal career research can be dated back to the early writings of Adolphe Quetelet in the 1800s. However, only in the last several decades has criminological research begun to flesh out the various dimensions of criminal careers and approached theorizing and empirical research through a more developmental lens. In recognition of the relevance of...
Two prominent criminological theories offer time discounting, or the preference for an immediate reward over a later one, as a central part of understanding involvement in criminal activity. Yet, there exist only a few studies investigating this issue, and they are limited in a few respects. The current study extends prior work in this area by usin...
While the previous Chapter focused on official data, this Chapter is devoted to the second most well-known source of offending data, e.g., self-reports. As such, the Chapter begins with a very brief overview of how self-reported offending data is measured in the PYS and details the crime specific measures relied on for analysis. This brief discussi...
In this Chapter, Nagin and Land’s group-based trajectory models are applied to the PYS official offending data relied on for analysis in Chaps. 2 and 3 for the Youngest and the Oldest cohorts. Specifically, the analysis of the official data in the previous chapters were evaluated primarily in the aggregate. While this type of approach revealed very...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to attempt to replicate Engel’s (2001) styles of supervision using data from a new sample and including additional independent variables.
Design/methodology/approach
The data were collected from a sample of police supervisors (N=369) at three distinct locations throughout the USA. Bivariate analyses and ordin...
The current study provides a statistically rigorous program evaluation of the impact of police body-worn cameras (BWCs) on police response-to-resistance (e.g., use of force). Results indicate that BWC officers’ mean frequency of response-to-resistance decreased by 8.4% from the 12 months pre-BWC implementation to the 12 months post-BWC implementati...
It was not too many decades ago that rape was a crime for which the death penalty was a permissible punishment in the United States, particularly in death penalty states in the South. Relatedly, historical and contemporary death penalty research almost always focuses on the role of the race of the defendant and, more recently, the race of the victi...
Although the use of financial penalties is pervasive in the justice system, there has been limited (and mostly dated) empirical research that has investigated the effect of financial costs incurred by juvenile offenders and the extent to which such costs relate to the likelihood of recidivism and reintegration into society. This study uses data fro...
The current study is based on longitudinal self-reported data from the Pittsburgh Girls Study (N = 2,450). This is the largest follow-up delinquency study of girls in the USA; an inner-city population of girls, between the ages of 11 and 18. We first investigated self-reported developmental trajectories for delinquency, and we then examined the cor...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of school safety measures, including SROs and safety personnel, on school-related delinquency and perceived safety.
Design/methodology/approach
Specifically, a comprehensive search of the literature was performed to identify studies published between January 1, 1998 and July 1, 2016 that...
Adverse childhood experiences, comprised of forms of maltreatment and certain dysfunctional household environments, can affect the development of a child in a variety of different ways. This multitude of developmental changes may subsequently produce compounding harmful effects on the child’s life and increase acutely maladaptive outcomes, includin...
School dropout has been extensively studied in the literature as a correlate of negative life outcomes. A precursor to school dropout is truancy, the unexcused or illegitimate student absence from school. Few studies have examined the relationship between truancy and involvement in crime and adjustment more generally over the life-course. This stud...
Objective
To update Piquero et al.’s (Justice Quarterly 27:803–834, 2010) meta-analysis on early self-control improvement programs.
Methods
Screening of eligible studies was carried out for the period between January 2010 and September 2015. An additional seven studies were identified, which were added to the original database of 34 studies, totali...
Objective
To update Piquero et al.’s meta-analysis on early family/parent training programs.
Methods
Screening of eligible studies was carried out for the period between January 2008 and August 2015. An additional 23 studies were identified, which were added to the original database of 55 studies, totaling an overall sample of 78 eligible studies....
This study examines death/life capital sentences in one southern state, North Carolina, during the period 1990 to 2010 to determine the extent to which they are comparatively excessive/lenient. The study employs data derived from a variety of official sources on the population of capital trials in the state during this timeframe and follows the ana...
Using a cycle of violence framework, we investigated experiences with physical intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, perpetration, and both IPV victimization and perpetration (IPV overlap). Data included the U.S. subsample of college students in the International Dating Violence Study (n = 4,162). Findings indicated that 40% of participant...
Prior research has identified several individual, organizational, and community-level correlates of police misconduct, but studies based on theoretical explanations have only recently emerged in the literature. The purpose of the current study was to examine the potential relationship between self-control and police misconduct using both Gottfredso...
The current study examines whether the recidivism trajectories post-prison release for post-sex offender registration and community notification (SORN) sex offenders are similar to or different from the recidivism trajectories post-prison release for post-SORN non-sex offenders who are released from prison via parole. Furthermore, this study also f...
The study of criminal careers has resulted in important descriptive information about the longitudinal patterns of offending over the life-course. Much of this research has examined more common patterns of general offending, typically among street offenders. An under-explored question is the extent to which distinct types of offenders display simil...
Much research has examined Moffitt's developmental taxonomy, focusing almost exclusively on the distinction between life-course persistent and adolescence-limited offenders. Of interest, a handful of studies have identified a group of individuals whose early childhood years were marked by extensive antisocial behavior but who seemed to recover and...