Walter Mischel’s research while affiliated with Columbia University and other places

... For instance, when people describe events in which they were involved, they tend to attribute positive outcomes to themselves, but negative outcomes to others or to circumstances, thus making it possible to claim credit for successes and to disclaim responsibility for failures [9,10]. People also tend to remember their strengths better than their weaknesses [11,12]. Where a threat to ego cannot be easily ignored, people will spend time and energy trying to refute it. ...

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A newly detected bias in self-evaluation

... People may naturally switch to using generalized morality when they enter large social networks, or when they encounter strangers because it is more intuitive. Perceptions of generalized morality may also be a natural consequence of processing information about strangers because these interactions involve more abstract construals (Hess et al., 2018;Idson & Mischel, 2001). When you only have a vague impression of social partners, you may be more likely to process their behavior using abstract traits like "good" and "bad." ...

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Generalized Morality Culturally Evolves as an Adaptive Heuristic in Large Social Networks

... The dual process model classifies human cognition into two systems: 1) the reflective system, which is slow, deliberative, and conscious (i.e., the "cool system"), and 2) the automatic system, which is fast and unconscious (i.e., the "hot system") (Vecchio & Cavallo, 2019). The cool system is reflected in cognitive, long-term oriented choices, while the hot system is reflected in impulsive, emotional choices (Mischel, Ayduk, & Mendoza-Denton, 2003;Scott et al., 2008). Food items are more likely to be highly emotionally arousing for restrained eaters (as opposed to unrestrained eaters) (Scott et al., 2008), and are therefore more likely to trigger the hot system (Mischel et al., 2003). ...

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Cool or hot: How dietary restraint produces both positive and negative eating behaviors

... På den baggrund er det forståeligt, at en del forskere igen gradvis har vendt blikket mod at udforske faste, indre egenskabers betydning for personligheden. Således har Mischel senere (fx Mischel & Shoda 2008) haevdet, at bestemte begivenheder tidligt i en persons liv -fx afvisning fra en anden person -skaber en saerlig sensitivitet over for disse situationsegenskaber, der viser sig som ret stabile tendenser til at reagere på bestemte, for denne person karakteristiske måder på den slags situationer fremover. Mischel kalder en sådan sammenhaeng mellem situationsegenskaber og adfaerdstendenser for en "hvis-så-sammenhaeng," og han haevder, at der i den enkelte person etableres nogle saerlige individuelle forarbejdningsprocesser, som formidler og fastholder denne forbindelse mellem bestemte situationsegenskaber ("hvis") og karakteristiske individuelle adfaerdstendenser ("så"). ...

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Personen og hendes daglige livsførelse

... Delayed gratification, the ability to effectively selfmanage goals and objectives (Mischel and Ayduk, 2004), is paramount for long B2B sales cycles because salespeople need to have the patience to properly develop the sale (Tice et al., 2001). This trait is important because buyers need to perceive that salespeople understand the importance of finding the appropriate solution and to ensure the buyer's needs are met instead of rushing into a solution merely because it is time to close the sale. ...

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Delayed Gratification and Its Impact in B2B Sales

... A broader agenda of the present work was to identify contributors to distal outcomes. Psychological scientists long identified self-control as a longitudinal predictor of standardized test scores (Mischel et al., 2011;Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, 1990;Mischel, 2004)a conclusion disputed by more recent evidence suggesting self-control does not have a robust or direct effect on standardized test performance (Watts, Duncan, & Quan, 2018). For instance, with national samples comprising nearly 20,000 adolescent participants, Baldwin et al. (2022) found that self-control had no direct relation to state standardized test performance. ...

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Allow Me to Explain: Benefits of Explaining Extend to Distal Academic Performance

... However, following decades of doubt and defensiveness, there has now been a growing acceptance in personality psychology that traits not only exists, but that they can also be measured reliably, and these measurements of the individual differences in traits can serve as a crucial tool in the prediction of human behaviour (McCrae and Costa Jr, 2004). Unlike the 70s, 80s and 90s when traits were seen as poor predictors of human behaviour (Mischel and Peake, 1982), the last two decades have witnessed a remarkable turnaround following the development of the Five Factor Model as an acceptable framework for understanding the universe of personality traits (McCrae, 2009). ...

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ACADEMIC MOTIVATION IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS -

... In other words: the old experience and old context are structured and restructured by the orientative cognitive, emotional processes (Mischel, 2004;Piaget, 1972;Pascual -Leone, 1980), temporal perspective (Trempała, 2000) and they represent and activate emotional processes and motivation (Labouvie-Vief 2003). ...

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Conditionings of being perpetrator or victim in adolescence

... CAPS' authors venture an explanation for these coherent behavioral patterns by postulating that behavior is determined by five classes of cognitive-affective units (CAUs; Mischel, 1973Mischel, , 1986Mischel, , 2004Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1998, 2008: Encodings are categorizations of the self, others, events, and situations. Encodings may be the most important of all the CAUs because how the situation people are in is construed can play a major role in dictating the activation of other CAUs and, in turn, the behaviors people engage in (Mischel et al., 2009). ...

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Unifying Vocational Psychology's Trait and Social-Cognitive Approaches Through the Cognitive-Affective Personality System

... Der opstår forventninger og forudsigelser om, hvor sandsynligt det er at forestillet adfaerd fører til bestemte mål. Disse antagelser kan paradigmet føre tilbage en indlaeringsteoretiker som fx Tolman (1932), men det kunne lige så godt henvise til de kognitive psykologer, hvilket da også undertiden sker (fx hos Mischel 1980). ...

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