W. N. Schoenfeld's research while affiliated with Columbia University and other places
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Publications (11)
In a group extinguished without prior information the conditioned response showed little tendency to decline in strength over 11 extinction trials. Following the first extinction trial, both an instructed and an instructed-avoidance group were told that they would no longer be shocked. In the latter instance, however, S's were told that the shock w...
Reviews Essentials of behavior, by Clark L. Hull (see record 1952-03687-000). This is a little book, scrupulously stripped down to a crisp and pithy presentation of its core ideas. It offers a restatement of the system of the author's earlier work, Principles of Behavior, with the embedding contextual material reduced to a near minimum. Besides con...
Depression of heart rate following electric shock was successfully conditioned to an oscillator-generated tone. Data are presented showing acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery and re-conditioning.
Study of the unconditioned response rates of 40 rats in a Skinner-type apparatus under 22-hour thirst show, over a period of daily test-periods, an extinction-like decrease in response frequency and variability, with the achievement of a final comparatively steady operant level. A similar study on animals under 22|14-hr. hunger drive gave similar r...
Two groups of 10 rats were given pretraining such that essentially each bar-pressing was followed by a 1-sec. lighting up of an overhead bulb but no food. After conditioning to the sound of food pellets dropping, all animals were then given 100 reinforced trials, during which the light was turned on after bar-pressing and during eating for the anim...
Citations
... John Watson, the father of Behaviorism , announced in a highly influential writing (Watson, 1913) that " psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science, " and claimed that tightly controlled conditions were the answer to elucidating the basis of any behavior, from understanding his " Tortuga's birds " to understanding the " educated European. " Later, both Tolman (1924) and Hull (1951), in a rare case of agreement, stated that correlational methods held little promise for the understanding of behavior. Tolman assumed that " individual difference variables [were] average standard values, " and that " rat-workers have always done this, perhaps unconsciously. ...
... An alternative method is to establish a discriminative stimulus as a conditioned reinforcer (Dinsmoor, 1950;Schoenfeld et al., 1950). This procedure entails correlating an antecedent event with a reinforcer contingent upon a specific response. ...
... Soon after, this initial observation was confirmed by Mowrer (1938) who reported that the conditional electrodermal response could be 'be switched on and off' by removing and reattaching the shock electrode or by using a buzzer system to indicate phases in which the US could be expected. Notterman, Schoenfeld, and Bersh (1952) extended this line of research by confirming that the conditional heart rate response was also subject to instructed extinction. During acquisition, participants were conditioned using a single-cue trace conditioning design (7-s ISI-6-s trace interval). ...
... This finding has posed a substantial difficulty for the traditional description of Pavlovian conditioning as merely the substitution of one stimulus for another as an elicitor of the same response (see Pavlov, 1927). In later work, Bersh, Notterman, and Schoenfeld (1956) found that the acquisition by the subjects of a skeletal response that prevented the occurrence of the shock (i.e., an avoidance response) led to a significant decrease in the magnitude of the conditional heart-rate response, apparently because of the negative correlation between either a proprioceptive or an exteroceptive feedback stimulus (safety signal) and the shock. And Other Problems ...
... These difficulties suggest that some method of estimating the contribution of these factors is needed to clarify the exact nature of the resistance-to-extinction functions. Generalization tests (Guttman & Kalish, 1956) and color-preference data might be obtained from each subject in a preliminary phase of the experiment, followed by prolonged extinction (Bersh, Schoenfeld, & Notterman, 1950 ), and only then, experimentation with the procedure outlined in the present experiment. ...
... In fear conditioning, freezing responses (Estes and Skinner, 1941) are induced by a stimulus that signals aversive events. Physiological responses, such as salivary response, changes in skin conductance, heart rate, pupil dilation, body temperature, and respiration, are also acquired through Pavlovian conditioning (Pavlov, 1927;Notterman et al., 1952;Wood and Obrist, 1964;Öhman et al., 1976;Esteves et al., 1994;Leuchs et al., 2017;Lonsdorf et al., 2017;Pietrock et al., 2019;Ojala and Bach, 2020). Pavlovian conditioning includes several response types: preparatory, consummatory, and opponent responses to unconditioned responses (Konorski, 1967;Solomon and Corbit, 1974). ...
... as shown in Figure 5. As expected (Notterman, Schoenfeld, & Bersh, 1952;Panitz, Hermann, & Mueller, 2015;Sperl et al., 2016), direct comparisons indicated stronger deceleration for the aversive CS+ than the neutral CS+ (14 vs. 4 ms; p = .016). In addition, there was stronger deceleration for the CS-than the neutral CS+ (p = .035). ...
... En la actualidad, el nivel operante no representa en el AEC un fenómeno en particular que merezca mucho de su atención. Hace varias décadas sí tuvo un papel relevante (Goodrick, 1965;Kiernan, 1965;Margulies, 1961;Mitchell, 1970;Segal, 1959;Schoenfeld, Antonitis & Bersh, 1950), no tanto porque representara un reto teórico o de análisis qué dilucidar, sino por un interés principalmente metodológico, como por ejemplo, separar a los sujetos en grupos homogéneos respecto a sus respuestas al operando (Schoenfeld et al., 1950) y para contrastarse con la tasa de respuesta en períodos de condicionamiento y de extinción (Bullock, 1950;Notterman, 1959;Segal, 1959). ...
