W D McArdle's research while affiliated with City University of New York - Queens College and other places

... Historically, strength athletes and weightlifters have always consumed a lot of protein (Katch et al. 1998;Marquart et al. 1998;Paul et al. 1998 (Paul et al. 1998). ...

... The total Kcalories, carbohydrate, protein and/or fat intake partially explained the variance in response to the functional performance tests and lower extremity lean mass (Δ%) between participants. It is well known that inadequate total Kcalories and more specifically carbohydrate, impairs metabolism, reduces focus, increases discomfort, and accelerates fatigue during the exercise [29]. Thus, adequate Kcaloric intake may translate to better training performance and a greater training stimulus to the neuromuscular system, thereafter, leading to enhanced neuromuscular adaptations. ...

... This may be due to equal levels of strength and aerobic training of wrestlers and recreational bodybuilders (Yoon, 2012). Katch and McArdle (1975), took anthropometric measurements of 94 athletes to determine an available formula for the wrestlers at the high school level. These wrestlers were divided into three groups while calculating their body fat. ...

... Flexor withdrawal reflex occurs when nociceptive receptors are stimulated and initiate an often-monosynaptic reflex arc with the intent of self-preservation from noxious stimulus [31]. On the other hand, crossed extension refers to a polysynaptic reflex that induces contralateral muscle activation: as one leg withdraws from a nociceptive stimulus, the contralateral leg extends in order to maintain stability [31][32][33]. The Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) is a reflex response to electrical stimulation of a nerve and is similar to the patellar reflex, as it acts on the same pathway as a mechanically induced myostatic stretch reflex [34]. ...

... An explanation for this increase could be the fact that the seaweed-fed group ingested about 70 g more of diet and this might have implicated in higher levels of triglycerides and consequently of lipoprotein VLDL-C. This lipoprotein, however, has not been associated to atherogenicity processes as it occurs to LDL-C, which is the primary transporter of cholesterol in blood and it is the lipoprotein with greater association with the incidence of coronary heart diseases (Katch and McArdle, 1993;Mahan and Escott-Stump, 1996). Thus, the diet containing seaweed meal was able to keep TC levels down without causing any undesirable significant increase in LDL-C. ...

... The issue of the lBSe as a model for the functional evaluation of swimmers has been widely studied and the effect appears to activate a considerable proportion of the musculature involved in swimming. 22 The activation of similar musculature involved in actual swimming is also supported by studies that compare lSBe exercise with stroke parameters: the modulation of the stroke rate during actual swimming and lSBe produces the same effect on Vo 2peak. . 10 Therefore, some of the mechanical movement patterns involved in the swimming action can be replicated during lSBe exercise. ...

... Short breaks are taken, but still under the sun. It is likely that part of the work, engaging arms to a large extent, will be anaerobic, resulting in increased lactate formation (McArdle et al., 1991). Although the results showed some indications towards stronger effects in the coastal region, the differences were smaller than we had anticipated. ...

... The direct measurement of VȮ 2max requires an extensive laboratory, specialized equipment, and considerable physical effort and motivation. These considerations increase the importance of submaximal exercise test to predict VȮ 2max from performance during walking or running or from heart rate (HR) during or immediately post-exercise [4]. Extrapolable HR to predict VȮ 2max is simple and valid [5]. ...

... Four studies applied a combination of aerobic training and resistance training (Martins, Marialva, Afonso, Gameiro, & Costa, 2011;Regaieg et al., 2013;Reed et al., 2014;Sigal et al., 2014). The combination of these two types of training provides several benefits, such as improved metabolic capacity and cardiorespiratory fitness (McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 2001) but also quantitative changes in skeletal muscle and increased muscle strength (Kraus & Levine, 2007). ...

... In the field of sports medicine the great attention especially for highly skilled athletes is paid to the issues of qualitative and quantitative balance of dietary nutrients [19,20]. It is established that a prolonged violation of the athlete's nutrition balance can lead to the development of disturbances in the functioning of a number of basic physiological systems of the organism, which leads to the reduction os physical performance [5,10,11,[21][22][23]. In this regard, there is a need for more in-depth study and individualization of components of energy consump- tion and nutritional needs of athletes of different specializations, depending on the stage of training and competitive activities. ...