Vivien Procher’s research while affiliated with Philipps University of Marburg and other places

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Publications (51)


Figure 3. Average Marginal Effects of receiving grants on the probability to launch different kind of innovations.
Descriptive Statistics
Grants and innovations: Funding world innovations, interregional knowledge transfer, or neighbourhood copycats
  • Preprint
  • File available

October 2024

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21 Reads

Martin Röder

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Vivien D. Procher

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When funding innovations, policy makers often prioritize explorative innovations because of their novelty, overlooking the varied newness within exploitative innovations. By focusing on the imitative nature of exploitative innovations, we distinguish between local imitation — simple replication — and interregional imitation, which involves cross-regional knowledge transfer that is critical for industry renewal and national competitiveness. Examining 4,093 startups, we advocate for a nuanced approach to grantmaking that is tailored to a firm’s industry and strategic position as defined by its entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Our results show that grants foster explorative innovation in high EO startups, while low EO startups contribute through interregional knowledge transfer. This highlights the importance of recognizing high and low EO as different strategic approaches in innovation policy and emphasizing interregional knowledge transfer as an important source of market novelty.

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Heterogeneity among hybrid entrepreneurs – Typology of motives and performance

September 2024

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8 Reads

Heterogeneity among Hybrid Entrepreneurs-Typology of Motives and Performance Entrepreneurship research identifies various motives for individuals to combine employment with self-employment. Based on the interdependencies between decisions and outcomes, we provide a new typology of these hybrid entrepreneurs' motives, separating them into myopic, intertemporal (time-related), and interactive (involving others) motives. Using a sample of 8,113 pure and 356 hybrid entrepreneurs, cluster and regression analyses reveal distinct clusters aligning with the typology and revealing cluster-specific associations with strategy, innovation, and financial performance. By combining the new typology with theories of entrepreneurial cognition and innovation, the findings provide a basis for new predictions and explanations for hybrid entrepreneurship.


Terror in the City: Local Terrorism and Firm Exports

August 2024

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43 Reads

The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy

In this paper, we examine the relationship between terrorism and exports at the firm-level. We use a panel data of 301 firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange and records of terrorist attacks in Pakistani cities from 1999 to 2014. By calculating city-level terrorism indices, the study reveals significant variations in the frequency of terrorist incidents both between cities and within cities over different time periods. Our panel regressions show that firm exports are correlated with terrorist attacks in the cities where the firms are located, and these correlations are statistically significant even when terrorism is lagged up to six years. Interregional spillover effects of terrorism are less pronounced. While a negative correlation can be found between firm exports and our terrorism indices, the correlation with domestic sales tends to be statistically insignificant. The findings shed light on the persistent link between local terrorism and firms’ international and domestic operations.



There's no fox like an old fox: Dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation and venture closure

September 2023

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14 Reads

M Röder

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C Stöckmann

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[...]

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S Gottschalk

Only a few scholars examined downsides of EO and suggest it may negatively affect survival. Previous research, which mainly focuses on mature companies, assumes that the relationship between EO and survival is constant. However, because firm characteristics and causal mechanisms change as young venture survive and grow into mature firms, the relationships between EO and survival could also change over time. We extend the EO literature by considering changing EO effects when venture grow into mature firms and by employing a multidimensional view on EO and identify isolating independent mechanisms for the influence of each dimension (i.e. innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking) on the survival of young ventures. While the nature of proactiveness on performance is rathe positive, risk-taking and innovativeness increases the variance of firm performance and thus the chances of failure. However, the latter can be separated according to whether the increase in variance occurs at a single point in time (risk-taking) or over time (innovation) and whether the survivors have more money or more innovations. For young firms, innovativeness and risk-taking inhibit survival, while proactiveness promotes it, so the dimensions have divergent effects. As a consequence of the attrition of young ventures, the associations of innovativeness and risk-taking reverse when they grow older. Our empirical analyses are based on panel data of 8,518 young firms.





Fig. 1. Visualization of interaction effects.
Descriptive statistics and pairwise correlation.P.J. Steinberg et al.
Knowledge transfer and home-market innovativeness: A comparison of emerging and advanced economy multinationals

December 2021

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142 Reads

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14 Citations

Journal of International Management

Emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) increasingly access foreign technology and knowledge by internationalizing their R&D activities. Since technological laggardness hinders efficient knowledge transfer, a successful catch-up with advanced-economy multinational enterprises (AMNEs) requires EMNEs to transfer foreign knowledge across national boundaries more effectively. However, we lack a clear understanding of how EMNEs manage this knowledge transfer and integration and to what extent the employment and effectiveness of corresponding facilitation mechanisms may differ from AMNEs. Adopting a sender-recipient model and drawing on arguments from learning theory and transaction costs economics, we suggest that EMNEs benefit more from and, consequently, are more likely to engage in mechanisms to increase recipient capabilities and sender motivation. In a comparative analysis of Chinese, Indian, German, and U.S. MNEs and focusing on frequent international exchange of R&D personnel regarding recipient capabilities and the governance of foreign R&D activities regarding sender motivation, we observe positive relationships with home-market innovation for EMNEs, but not for AMNEs. Moreover, we observe that EMNEs exploit this positive effect and are more likely to use these mechanisms when focusing on technology-than on market-seeking.


The role of firm-level and country-level antecedents in explaining emerging versus advanced economy multinationals' R&D internationalization strategies

November 2021

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40 Reads

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12 Citations

International Business Review

We study firm-level and country-level antecedents of R&D internationalization strategies, focusing on differences between emerging economy (EMNEs) and advanced economy multinational enterprises (AMNEs). Previous research often focuses on the relative importance of home-base-exploiting versus home-base-augmenting knowledge transfer strategies. We suggest that country-level and firm-level effects differ for the two strategies and, hence, examine each strategy independently. Collecting data in China, India, the U.S., and Germany, we demonstrate that firms' relative technological positions as a firm-level characteristic can explain EMNE-AMNE differences in home-base-exploiting strategies. In contrast, home-base-augmenting is more strongly related to exploratory institutional environments, a country-level factor. Thus, either firm-or country-level antecedents may gain a dominant role depending on the strategy considered.


Citations (30)


... A literature review shows that most research on the antecedents of firms' overseas R&D decisions identifies factors at the country (Chiarini et al., 2020;Urbig et al., 2022;Xu et al., 2023) and firm (Asakawa et al., 2018;Nasirov et al., 2022;Xiao & Yu, 2024; levels. Organisational activities cannot be separated from human factors. ...

Reference:

Your potential knows no bounds: Do local CEOs influence firms' overseas R&D activities?
The role of firm-level and country-level antecedents in explaining emerging versus advanced economy multinationals' R&D internationalization strategies
  • Citing Article
  • November 2021

International Business Review

... EMFs prefer to repatriate knowledge to domestic markets because they are not eager to directly compete in foreign markets (Anderson, Sutherland, and Severe 2015). They rely on transferred knowledge that can quickly be put into production and product development at home to innovate in competitive domestic markets (Steinberg et al. 2021). Such attempts partially explain why EMFs' international innovation is still under the influence of home governments (Anderson, Sutherland, and Severe 2015;Li et al. 2016). ...

Knowledge transfer and home-market innovativeness: A comparison of emerging and advanced economy multinationals

Journal of International Management

... The concept of hybrid entrepreneurship is not new to developing countries, as many professionals have operated businesses alongside their gainfully employed jobs (Schulz, Urbig & Procher, 2017). Civil servants, especially those working in rural areas, engage in subsistent farming to feed their families along with their paid jobs (Urbig et al., 2021). The new phenomenon of HE occurs when gainfully employed professionals in the cities are involved in commercial agriculture by investing technological capital and adopting business models to protect their agricultural investments (Asante et al., 2022). ...

Promoting or preventing entrepreneurship? Employers' perceptions of and reactions to employees' entrepreneurial side jobs
  • Citing Article
  • November 2021

Technological Forecasting and Social Change

... Virtual teams can produce decision quality that is equivalent to face-to-face teams, but it needs more time. The quality of group decisions seems higher in face-to-face teamwork (Nosratabadi, et al., 2022;Urbig et al., 2020;Hearn et al., 2017) since through more interaction, same time presence in the office, trust can be gained easier, and with this, group decisions can be made more efficiently and frequently. Group leaders can be elected with a higher level of trust. ...

Strategic Decision-Making in a Global Context: The Comprehension Effect of Foreign Language Use on Cooperation

Management International Review

... An inability to understand how to move between competition and cooperation can have important work implications, as competition and cooperation are not entirely mutually exclusive, and most of our situations and interactions are not purely competitive or cooperative (Deutsch, 1949;Galinsky & Schweitzer, 2015;Landkammer & Sassenberg, 2016;Swab, 2019). Furthermore, while competitiveness is frequently acknowledged as a factor that enhances individual performance (e.g., Tauer & Harackiewicz, 2004;Urbig et al., 2020), there is also an argument that it may lead to less cohesive work environments and induce stress and anxiety (e.g., Eisenberg & Thompson, 2011;Gilbert et al., 2009). More specifically, team environments that demonstrate more conflict than cohesion can prompt maladaptive competitive behaviors designed to obstruct other team members (e.g., knowledge hiding [Connelly et al., 2014;Hernaus & Černe, 2022;Peng et al., 2021]; counterproductive work behaviors (CWB) [Enns & Rotundo, 2012]; aggression [Swab & Johnson, 2023]; incivility [Yip et al., 2018]). ...

Entrepreneurs embrace competition: Evidence from a lab-in-the-field study

Small Business Economics

... Moreover, a literature review highlighted that the R2D:4D is associated with characteristics linked to physical performance, including muscular attributes such as power and strength, although the precise mechanisms underlying these relationships require further investigation to be fully elucidated [65]. Furthermore, a study presented important evidence regarding the negative association between R2D:4D and competitiveness [66]. ...

Digit Ratio (2D:4D) Predicts Self-Reported Measures of General Competitiveness, but Not Behavior in Economic Experiments

... Despite numerous efforts, there is a lack of research addressing the intricate nature of decisions related to MNEs' commitment reduction, rather existing studies often analyze different precursors to the increases in MNEs' foreign commitments in isolation (e.g., Bergh et al., 2008;Procher, & Engel, 2018). As an important indicator of MNEs' reconfiguration of international operations, commitment reduction is influenced by a complex web of interrelated factors spanning various operational and strategic domains (Chung et al., 2013;Cui et al., 2020;Mata & Portugal, 2000). ...

The investment-divestment relationship: Resource shifts and intersubsidiary competition within MNEs
  • Citing Article
  • October 2017

International Business Review

... However, the labor inputs associated with collaborating internationally may significantly outweigh that of domestic innovation, and thus, transnational innovation can also be detrimental to R&D productivity. More complexity, uncertainty, and information asymmetry from cross-country teams (Huang & Li, 2019;Jensen & Petersen, 2013;Meissner et al., 2020) will require higher labor input (Larsen, 2016;Steinberg et al., 2017). As well as extra communication costs among innovators, there may be additional structural costs from organizations and institutions for transnational innovation. ...

Too much or too little of R & D offshoring: The impact of captive offshoring and contract offshoring on innovation performance

Research Policy

... Germany is not different in this respect. Even though men's involvement in the housework has slightly increased over the last decades, they spend more hours in paid employment and contribute considerably more to the share of household income compared to women (Procher et al., 2018). Consequently, both work hours and time pressure can have a more pronounced effect on fathers' WFC (van Veldhoven and Beijer, 2012). ...

Housework Allocation in Germany: The Role of Income and Gender Identity*
  • Citing Article
  • February 2017

Social Science Quarterly