Vivien Procher's research while affiliated with Philipps University of Marburg and other places
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Publications (45)
Emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) increasingly access foreign technology and knowledge by internationalizing their R&D activities. Since technological laggardness hinders efficient knowledge transfer, a successful catch-up with advanced-economy multinational enterprises (AMNEs) requires EMNEs to transfer foreign knowledge across nat...
We study firm-level and country-level antecedents of R&D internationalization strategies, focusing on differences between emerging economy (EMNEs) and advanced economy multinational enterprises (AMNEs). Previous research often focuses on the relative importance of home-base-exploiting versus home-base-augmenting knowledge transfer strategies. We su...
Many entrepreneurs start their businesses while staying employed. Although such businesses are theorized to have positive and negative effects on employers' businesses, employers' perceptions and reactions to sub-ordinates' entrepreneurial side businesses are mostly unexplored. Based on a vignette study of 988 managers, we find that employers ackno...
Referring to Isreal M. Kirzner (1973) and Joseph A. Schumpeter (1934), who emphasized the competitive nature of entrepreneurship, this study investigates whether potential and revealed entrepreneurs are more likely to seek competition than non-entrepreneurs. We provide a conceptual framework that links entrepreneurship to three facets of individual...
With increasing globalization comes an increasing number of people communicating in foreign languages when making strategic decisions. We develop a theoretical model in which comprehension constitutes an essential mediator for the effects of using a foreign language on cooperation in global business contexts. To resolve conceptual ambiguities, we s...
While previous studies demonstrated that, in many settings, women tend to be less willing than men to engage in interpersonal competition, this study focuses on selection into self competition. Competing against owns past performances can be an integral part of life, including job and sports. Using data obtained from a lab in the field experiment,...
Innovating firms may acquire foreign knowledge and improve their innovation performance by offshoring their R&D activities to their own foreign affiliates (captive offshoring) as well as by contracting out their R&D to external foreign parties (contract offshoring). This study examines the impact of both R&D offshoring strategies on innovation perf...
The ratio of index finger length to ring finger length (2D:4D) is considered to be a putative biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure (PAE), with previous research suggesting that 2D:4D is associated with human behaviors, especially sex-typical behaviors. This study empirically examines the relationship between 2D:4D and individual competitiveness,...
This paper examines the interdependencies between MNE investment and divestment decisions. We derive a conceptual framework of "segmented intersubsidiary competition" and hypothesize that the competitive pressure of new investments on existing subsidiaries varies by regional dimension. Based on a database of 3524 French MNEs, we analyse intersubsid...
Despite the high prevalence of hybrid entrepreneurs among multiple job holders, research on
hybrid entrepreneurship and multiple job holding has largely evolved independently from each
other. We take a first step for a fruitful exchange between both research streams by building
on hybrid entrepreneurship theories to explain why multiple job holders...
Objectives
This article analyzes how couples allocate housework against the backdrop of three questions: (1) Does an individual's income—both in absolute and relative terms—influence his or her contribution to housework? (2) If so, does the magnitude of this influence differ by gender? and (3) How important are traditional gender roles on housework...
71% der im Bergischen Städtedreieck befragten Unternehmen führen Forschung und Entwicklung (FuE) durch
oder beauftragen diese. Knapp 30% dieser Unternehmen haben ihre FuE-Aktivität internationalisiert. Als treibende Motive der Internationalisierung wurden der Zugang zu neuen Märkten sowie ausländischem
Wissen und Personal identifiziert. Der möglich...
This study examines the relationship between prenatal testosterone exposure (PTE) and selection into entrepreneurship. We argue that the relationship between PTE and entrepreneurial intent is positive and mediated by general and domain-specific risk-taking related to financial investment and professional career. Using the second-to-fourth digit rat...
Business schools around the world must prepare their students for two realities: operating in an English-speaking business world and working in teams. As yet, there is limited understanding of how operating in a native or a foreign language impacts students’ propensity to free ride in group settings. Building on a general dual process theory and us...
Hybrid entrepreneurs are entrepreneurs who are simultaneously working as paid employees. Although they constitute a systematic and large part of new firm creation, their possibly distinct responsiveness to public policy is not yet studied. Arguing for the need to consider hybrid entrepreneurs in public policy, we analyze the introduction of one-sto...
The globalization of business functions has led to an increase in offshoring of R&D. Firms’ offshoring models of R&D include captive offshoring (foreign R&D spending to affiliates) and offshore outsourcing (foreign R&D spending to external partners). For 2,421 R&D-active German enterprises we examine how R&D offshoring implemented through captive o...
Hybrid entrepreneurs are entrepreneurs who simultaneously work as wage earners. They constitute a systematic and large part of new firm creation. Hybrid entrepreneurs and their behavioral distinctiveness, however, have been largely neglected when estimating the impact of entrepreneurship policy on entrepreneurial activity. Analyzing a Mexican firm...
Drawing on German household data from 1992 to 2011, this paper analyzes how couples allocate housework against the backdrop of three questions: (1) Does an individual’s contribution to household income - both in absolute and relative terms - influence his or her contribution to housework? (2) If so, does the magnitude of this influence differ by ge...
The labor force participation rate of women and men in industrialized countries is converging, but disparities in participation in unpaid activities nevertheless remain. Shopping for household maintenance is a time-consuming out-of-home activity that continues to be undertaken primarily by women, regardless of their employment status. The present s...
For a sample of 1243 European companies, we analyse the link between firm type and foreign direct investment (FDI) locations. We find substantial empirical evidence that being a family firm does not only affect the overall propensity for FDI, but that this effect is also specific to target regions. Overall, family firms invest more than managerial-...
This paper studies the internationalization behaviour of French companies using more than 330,000 observations for three two-year intervals. We analyse the ‘symmetric’ role of productivity and other major firm attributes to characterize companies that enter into and exit from foreign markets. High levels of productivity are documented to be charact...
The labor force participation rate of women and men is converging in industrialized countries, but disparities nevertheless remain with respect to unpaid activities. Shopping for household maintenance, in particular, is a time-consuming, out-of-home activity that continues to be undertaken primarily by women, irrespective of their employment status...
This study develops and tests theory about the multifaceted causal effect of foreign language on individuals’ cooperative behavior and confidence therein. Based on mediation and moderation arguments, we disentangle two mechanisms: Language-induced information barrier and language-related cultural accommodation/alienation effect. While language prof...
For a sample of 1243 European companies, we analyse the link between firm type and foreign direct investment (FDI) locations. We find substantial empirical evidence that being a family firm does not only affect the overall propensity for FDI, but that this effect is also specific to target regions.Overall, family firms investmore thanmanagerial-led...
Drawing on individual-level mobility data from Germany between 1996 and 2009, this analysis econometrically investigates the determinants of automobile, public transit, and nonmotorized travel. The paper explores whether gender plays a role in determining the relative use of motorized and nonmotorized modes and, if so, how this role is mitigated or...
Many empirical papers tested the theoretical predictions of Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple (HMY, 2004) which sorts firms at different internationalization states according to their productivity levels. While these papers ignore the fact, that the theoretical predictions of HMY only apply to firms that become engaged in market-driven Foreign Direct Inve...
Drawing on individual-level mobility data from Germany between 1996 and 2009, this analysis econometrically investigates the determinants of automobile, public transit, and non-motorized travel against the backdrop of two questions: 1) Does gender play a role in determining the relative use of motor and non-motorized modes? 2) If so, how is this ro...
This paper studies the internationalization behaviour of French companies, using more than 330.000 observations for three two-year intervals. We analyze the role of productivity, organisational and ownership structure, and of financial characteristics for the decision to enter into and exit from foreign markets. High levels of productivity are docu...
‘Being international’ has nearly become an undisputed aim for firms in a globalized world. Several papers find a positive relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the home performance of firms. In this paper we address the “FDI – export” relationship to better understand this pattern. Furthermore, by presenting first results on firm...
'Being international' has nearly become an undisputed aim for firms in a globalized world. Often, however, we do not know much about the actual performance consequences of firms' foreign market entries as well as exits. We apply a propensity score matching technique in combination with a difference-in-difference estimator to analyse the performance...
This paper studies location choice determinants of French first-time investors in Europe, North Africa
and North America. The sample includes 356 location choices of French firms in 27 countries in 2004. Market
demand and cultural proximity to France have a strong influence on national and regional location strategies.
The tendency of investing fir...
The decision of companies to enter international markets, either via exports or foreign direct investment (FDI), has been postulated by the self-sorting model of Helpman, Melitz and Yeaple (HMY, 2004). In the strict sense, the theoretical predictions of HMY only apply to firms that become engaged in market- driven (horizontal) FDI. Hence, in this p...
This paper analyses the location choice determinants of French first-time investments in Europe, North America and North Africa.
Firm locations are examined on two geographical scales, the national and regional level. The final sample comprises 307 location
choices in 27 countries and across 45 regions. Both, location- and firm-specific variables a...
This paper analyzes the location choice determinants of French first-time investments in Europe, North America and North Africa. Firm locations are examined on two geographical scales, the national and regional level. The final sample comprises 307 location decisions in 27 countries and across 45 regions. Both, location- and firm-specific variables...
This paper studies the internationalization behaviour of more than 300.000 French firms by examining the symmetric role of firm-specific factors on the decision to enter, exit or stay in foreign markets. It is argued that firm characteristics like productivity, financial liquidity and the ownership structure have a similar effect on export starters...
Citations
... Internationalization theory has also been used in the research on "knowledge transfer and innovation" among multinationals Tseng, 2015;Urbig et al., 2022). It postulates the value of multinationals' superior knowledge. ...
... The Multinational Enterprise and Non-Market Strategy International business and strategy research has increasingly paid attention to differences in the internationalization behaviors and sources of competitive advantages of not only developed-country MNEs (DMNEs), but also emerging-market MNEs (EMNEs) (see Giuliani, Gorgoni, Günther, & Rabellotti, 2014;Hennart, 2012;Li, Quan, Stoian, & Azar, 2018;Luo & Tung, 2018;Steinberg, Urbig, Procher, & Volkmann, 2021). Importantly, while DMNEs have been shown to internationalize after first establishing a solid foundation in the home country (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977), EMNEs tend to internationalize at an earlier stage because of institutional constraints in home-country markets (Luo & Tung, 2007). ...
... Behind the entrepreneur's decision to take a balanced job as both an employee and an entrepreneur are many potential ideas and risks that have been analyzed by other entrepreneurs and researchers over time. In addition, Urbig et al. (2021) used the ideas from Folta et al.'s (2010) paper to define the concept of hybrid entrepreneurship and clarify why people choose to take entrepreneurship as a parttime job rather than devoting their full time to entrepreneurship and devoting their work only to their business. The core idea of this approach is that newcomers to the field seize the opportunity to test new concepts in a substantial environment rather than risking their careers by devoting their time only to their full-time business. ...
... To investigate further how the use of a foreign language influences regular human performance in day-to-day living, an analysis of other daily higher-order cognitive processes may enrich understanding about the underlying psychological mechanisms and the linkage between foreign languages and human cognition [16]. This line of research should use simple designs and concrete contexts as the testing materials [17]. Game Theory may serve as one compatible and appropriate tool for studying the fundamental processes involved in strategic decision-making process. ...
... Entrepreneurial competitions (ECs) are seen as an important factor driving entrepreneurial decision-making by entrepreneurs (Urbig et al., 2019). These competitions require participants to work individually or in teams to develop a new entrepreneurial idea or a new business plan; then, following judgement by the jury (Watson and McGowan, 2019), students motivated by the EC will be more willing to participate in business activities and participate in entrepreneurship (Bergmann et al., 2018). ...
... Development of the fourth digit (4D), but not the second digit (2D), is highly sensitive to testosterone, so that in utero androgen exposure results in lower 2D:4D ratios in males compared to females and is considered an index of prenatal testosterone exposure [22][23][24][25]. There is a clear association between 2D:4D ratios and male-typical behaviors [24,26] and, interestingly, professional male football players with low 2D:4D ratios receive more yellow or red card penalties [27]. Even with females, lower 2D:4D ratios in females are associated with the more aggressive form of sabre fencing [28]. ...
... Therefore, firms walk a rough path, through trials and experiences of success and failure involving successions of entries, divestments and reinvestments in host countries. With few exceptions (e.g., Bernini et al., 2016;Procher and Engel, 2018), international business scholars have so far underestimated the interdependencies between these processes focusing instead either on divestment (for recent reviews, see Arte and Larimo, 2019;Schmid and Morschett, 2020) or re-entry in the foreign country for a recent review). ...
... Transfers of knowledge that is highly specialized and adaptive must be carried out in closely interactive environments (Maula et al., 2003). The strong social network resources obtained by firms through frequent interaction with external organizations can help to generate more valuable knowledge flow (Steinberg et al., 2017;Ortiz et al., 2018). ...
... of others (Apicella, Demiral and Mollerstrom, 2017;Bönte, Procher and Urbig, 2018;Carpenter, Frank and Huet-Vaughn, 2018;Klinowski, 2019). ...
... As a result, working women are held to the expectation of performing well on both fronts. Previous studies suggest that women often experience the disproportionate double burden of balancing work with their household duties (Procher, Ritter and Vance, 2017;Miettinen, Lainiala and Rotkirch, 2015;Foster and Stratton, 2019). The division between work time and family time is often unequal for these women, creating problems that increase if they do not have adequate support from their families. ...