Trimo Pamudji Al Djono’s research while affiliated with Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Garut and other places

This study used multinomial logistic regression and Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) to analyze factors influencing the functionality of the community-based rural drinking water supply and sanitation program (PAMSIMAS) in Indonesia. 28,936 PAMSIMAS projects in 33 provinces in Indonesia were analyzed. The data indicates that 85.4% of the water supply systems were fully functioning, 9.1% were partially functioning, and 5.5% were not functioning. In the regression analysis, good management is positively associated with functionality and a high investment per capita is negatively associated with the functionality. The latter suggests the need for comprehensive economic analysis in the feasibility study in scattered housing sites and remote-undeveloped areas. We also found that high community participation at the beginning of the project was associated with the not functioning system, while women's participation was positively associated with the functionality. Furthermore, the household connection is more likely to be functioning than communal connection. BBN analysis shows if the beneficiaries do not pay for water, the probability of not functioning systems is 20 times higher than systems with fee collection. Moreover, the combination of strong management, strong financial status, and household connection rather than communal connection increases the probability of fully functioning to 98%. Improvement of data collection is also necessary to monitor the current conditions of all PAMSIMAS systems in Indonesia. This study offers a country-level perspective for better implementation of the community-based rural water supply and sanitation program in developing countries.

The influence of the community contributions, such as in-kind, i.e., related to physical contribution in various activities, and in-cash, i.e., cash contribution, on the functionality of the rural water supply program in developing countries is rarely discussed. This study aims to fill that gap by using the 10,789 community-based rural water supply and sanitation programs (PAMSIMAS) data in Indonesia. The in-kind contribution was measured by variables related to some activities conducted before the system was built, while the in-cash contribution was measured by the information related to tariff status, i.e., the monthly water fee. We found that health promotion activity was significantly associated with functionality (OR: 1.03; CI: 1.01–1.05; p ≤ 0.01). The influence of women's participation on functionality is much lower than other types of community contributions. Water supply systems that do not collect water fees from beneficiaries were more likely to be not functioning compared to systems with a tariff system. Moreover, the effect of monthly or regular in-cash or financial contributions on the functionality is significantly larger than all variables related to the in-kind contributions at the beginning of the project, e.g., planning or pipe system construction, with OR values ranging from 1.85 to 3.87 (p ≤ 0.001). This study concludes that a regular financial contribution is necessary to sustain the rural water supply program in developing countries.