Tomi Toratti's research while affiliated with Finnish Medical Association (Finland) and other places

... Retrofit conditions-questions such as the disturbance levels to the inhabitants or site and the possibility of working from the inside of the building vs. the need for scaffoldings in high-rise buildings should be holistically weighed, as shown in [97]. • Compatibility between the existing constructive solutions and the proposing retrofit technologies-the retrofit design project should be compatible with the existing solution (e.g., materials properties), and possible consequences should be assessed (e.g., reduction of air permeability and the creation of new thermal bridge areas following the fixation of new constructive systems), as well as how to mitigate them [98]; ...

... Ecological studies and assessments can vary in many different assumptions, indicators and methods according to the intended goal and scope. Therefore, the result of a study can consider and present different indicators, as well as present different results for identical indicators (Albrecht et al., 2008;Kuittinen, Ludwig & Weiss, 2013;Sölkner et al., 2014). ISO 14040:2009 andISO 14044:2006 standards define the structure to perform a life cycle assessment and divide the process in the following framework: ...

... As a type of organic polymer, PU has excellent engineering properties, including high corrosion resistance, high energy absorption, high elongation, chemical resistance, thermal stability, products and applications versatility, costeffectiveness, and ease of use [18,19]. At present, there are many types of PU products in the market for various applications, which mainly fall into [14,17,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]: ...

... The Sequential Importance Sampling (SIS) method (Papaioannou et al. 2016) is used to perform RAs and 180 find probabilities of failure that a weighted factor of the distribution is adopted to approach the failure limit Of the forty-seven variables required to set the LSF function, the twenty random variables are listed in Table 215 1, with their PDF, mean values, and standard deviations stated based on (Toratti et al. 2007; Wieghaus and 216 Atadero 2011). Variables that are more uncertain and have a more significant impact on the bending behavior 217 of the beams were chosen as random variables. ...

... To dive into further study on the evolving kinetics of the two cell wall water, more data points should be obtained and relevant kinetic models could be developed. The result hardly provided any information on diffusion as in other NMR studies (Dvinskikh et al. 2011b;Cocusse et al. 2022), in which spatial resolution was applied. Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...

... Most of these were based on numerical models, predicting wood decay (in or above ground), attack by termites and marine borers. Diverse experimental approaches and concepts of modelling were implemented (Brischke and Hansson 2011, Van de Kuilen 2007, Viitanen et al. 2008, Gobakken and Lebow 2009, Thelandersson et al. 2009). Brischke and Thelandersson (2014) reviewed alternative modelling approaches for predicting performance of wood products outdoor and concluded that the dose-response models seem to be most frequently applied. ...

... The mechano-sorptive creep is believed to be more sever for samples exposed to larger amplitude of moisture changes [32][33][34][35]. Fragiacomo et al. [36] investigated parameters affecting induced stressed in perpendicular to grain direction of sawn timber, glulam and CLT; the climate, size of the timber cross-section, and type of protective coating were considered. Natural variations of relative humidity were found to induce stresses perpendicular to the grain exceeding the strength of timber, leading to development of cracks. ...

... There are three types of rot fungi that initiate wood decay; brown rot, soft rot and white rot [5]. Brown rot is initiated earlier and develops faster when compared to the other types. ...

... Since the mid-span deflection under 1 kN concentrated load (i.e., 1 kN deflection) and the fundamental natural frequency have been proven as reliable indicators for vibration serviceability of the floor systems, different methods were developed to predict the indicators in design practice. Talja and Kullaa [8] and Toratti and Talja [39] developed a method to determine 1 kN deflection based on the deflection of an orthotropic plate with all edges simply supported. The maximum deflection can be approximated by ...

... Reliability-based design involves incorporating these uncertainties in current methods of design, thereby using probability methods to design at pre-defined safety levels [4]. [5] looked at the reliability of structure by means of different target safety levels and probability distribution functions. The results showed that high target safety index makes it difficult to determine the safety factors such that the same safety level can be reached for different structures. ...