Todd Levin's research while affiliated with Argonne National Laboratory and other places

... The coordination of these components is essential to avoid instances of energy waste and outage during emergencies. Recent representative examples of outages and imbalances in grid load were observed in Texas in 2021, when record-breaking low temperatures simultaneously impacted energy production and increased power demand [3], and in Argentina in 2022, when prolonged unexpectedly high temperatures decreased power production efficiency, increased power demand, and eventually affected the supply of quality water as purification systems could not be operated at full capacity [4]. Some of the typical mitigations of these events include temporarily limiting energy usage, importing electricity from neighboring grid operators, utilizing stored energy or load shedding [5]. ...

... The hydraulic pump-turbine cannot operate simultaneously in both modes, and it has a smaller range of operability than turbines, especially for Pelton turbines. Today, the HSC principle counts a very few active applications in the world, but academic and industrial communities have increasingly devoted fervent interest in the profitability of this emerging operation with optimal market participation and reserve scheduling [5,6,7,8]. Upgrading the existing hydropower plant infrastructures for HSC is not an easy task and comprehensive feasibility study is required. About the resiliency and reliability of HSC applications, Nicolet [9] analyzed the contribution of a PHES to compensating the consumer load fluctuations and wind power output variation, together with a thermal power plant, in a mixed islanded power network. ...

... The thesis correlating the increase in variable renewable energies with the reduction in prices in the wholesale electricity market was studied in [16], [17]. In [18], wholesale electricity markets in the United States were studied, highlighting the trend of an average reduction of $ 0.37 MWh when the penetration level of variable renewable energies increased by 1%. ...

... Although not the objective of this study, there are other alternatives, apart from the emission trading system, to control emissions from electricity generation (and other industries). The closest one is to establish a Pigouvian tax on emissions (Voorspools and D'haeseleer, 2006), but there are other alternatives such as tradable green certificates (Feng et al. 2018;Caron et al. 2018), certified emissions reduction (Zeng et al. 2021), production and investment tax credits (Levin et al. 2019) or feed-in tariff systems - Espinosa et al. (2018) observe that the feed-in tariff to promote renewable energies had a limited impact on the energy price and GHG emissions in the Spanish electricity market from 2002 to 2017. ...

... Equation (11) determines reserve balance with the dual (λ R ω ) representing the system marginal reserve price. Equation (12) limits reserve shortages based on an segmented operating reserve demand curve (ORDC) [30]. Equations (13)-(14) set reference phase angles and nonnegativity constraints. ...

... Power flow model is involved in a great number of problems and is incorporated in various application models. For instance, it is incorporated into the formulations of state estimation [1,2], security-constrained economic dispatch [3][4][5], security-constrained unit commitment [6,7], transmission maintenance scheduling [8], and transmission expansion planning [9][10][11][12]. Hence, power flow analysis is remarkably important for power system planning as well as power system operations. ...

... Grid-system value can be described as "the ability of any bulk-power system asset [such as wind energy] to contribute to meeting demand such that it avoids the cost of instead using other bulk-power system assets." 58 We consider grid-system value economies to be present when the marginal increase in grid-system value ** exceeds the marginal cost of achieving it: ...

... A key issue of concern for an all-renewable system is system adequacy (Ela et al., 2018;Söder et al., 2019). In an all-renewable energy system, a distinction can be made between VRE, which will need to provide the bulk of the energy, and flanking investments in controllable power generation, storage and demand response, which are needed to maintain the energy balance. ...

... We organize the decision-making process in the RH framework according to the market structure of typical European electricity markets. This is based on the two-settlement system with balancing and day-ahead markets [47]. The model has a time-step of one hour which is often used for electricity markets. ...

... These characteristics have a strong influence on the outcomes of EMs, reducing market-clearing prices [3]. Accordingly, the research community has paid attention to the effectiveness of current market designs to determine if they are still efficient to deal with the increasing levels of VRE (see, e.g., [4,5]). VRE typically involves significant forecast errors, which may result in large imbalances. ...