Timothy H. Lee’s research while affiliated with Zhejiang University and other places

... 204 Considering that the system in this study is a binary ammonia-nitrogen system, it is suitable to determine 205 the mode transition time using the criterion based on the temperature-fuel mole fraction (T-x) line versus the 206 vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) line proposed by Mo et al [5]. The Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state 207 (PR-EoS) was used to calculate the VLE of the binary system and the critical parameters for ammonia and 208 nitrogen were shown in Table 3. PR-EoS was widely used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of 209 mixture and phase equilibria at high pressures with good reliability [30,35,36]. Recently, Vrabec et al. [37] 210 studied the VLE of ammonia with supercritical gases (Ar, CH4, H2, N2, O2). ...

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A molecular dynamics study on the supercritical evaporation of liquid ammonia under forced convection conditions

... Sadanandan et al. 8 investigated the ignition of H 2 /air mixtures by a hot jet using simultaneous highspeed laser schlieren and OH Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) techniques. Sun et al. 9 performed turbulent jet studies in a 5.5-l optical cylindrical pressure vessel using a 2 ml prechamber. The flame in the prechamber generated by igniting an H 2 /CO mixture was successfully shown to the main chamber without extinguishing. ...

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Optical prechamber-equipped high-pressure large-bore optical combustor for fundamental combustion studies

... The process can be divided into distinct regimes: primary atomization near the nozzle, air-induced breakup, and fuel-air entrainment [25]. Aerodynamic forces at the liquid-gas interface significantly influence spray characteristics, yet many studies are constrained to single-or two-scale approaches due to limitations in optical window size and camera resolution [26][27][28][29]. Marine diesel engines, characterized by larger bore diameters, demand investigations into extended spray evolution times and scales to address their unique operational challenges. ...

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Multi-scale Optical Diagnostics for Marine Diesel Spray

... The Miller cycle engine achieves decoupling of compression ratio and expansion ratio by adjusting the timing of intake valve closure [19], thereby increasing the expansion ratio while maintaining the original compression ratio, effectively improving the thermal efficiency of the engine [20]. Many scholars have conducted research on the impact of Miller cycle on internal combustion engine performance through experimental [21] and simulation [22] methods. Xu et al. [23] analysed the mechanism by which the Miller cycle improves the thermal efficiency of a turbocharged direct injection gasoline engine. ...

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Control Optimization of Turbocharged Direct Injection Miller Cycle Hybrid Engine

... To avoid high-temperature damage to the glass window and keep a constant nozzle tip temperature, we inserted a cooling system into the cham- Table 1 Fuel properties of n-butanol and diesel (C. Zhang et al., 2022;Tipanluisa et al., 2021;Z. Zhang et al., 2022;Csemány et al., ...

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Combustion Characteristics of Diesel/Butanol Blends Within a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber

... The results suggested that higher ethanol concentrations enhanced combustion stability and reduced combustion duration, attributed to ethanol's higher octane rating and improved air-fuel mixing. Similarly, Zhao et al. [25] analyzed the heat release characteristics of ethanol-diesel blends to assess their combustion behavior. Their investigations revealed alterations in heat release profiles with ethanol blending, resulting in smoother combustion with moderated peak pressure and temperature gradients. ...

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Effects of Ethanol–Diesel Blends on Cylinder Pressure, Ignition Delay, and NOx Emissions in a Diesel Engine

... This achievement is ascribed to the lower carbon content of HexOH and HexHex with respect to 100 vol% Diesel fuel, which reduces the carbon availability for soot formation, and to the oxygen bonds of additives, which promote the oxidation processes. Moreover, the reduced boiling point of the oxygenated mixtures not only improves droplet evaporation [21] but also leads to a sort of "droplet explosion" when the fuel is sprayed into a hot ambient [52,53], increasing fuel atomization and mixing and thus enhancing the combustion completion of the resulting soot particles. ...

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Synthesis of 1-Hexanol/Hexyl hexanoate Mixtures from Grape Pomace: Insights on Diesel Engine Performances at High Bio-Blendstock Loadings

... The physical properties of the injected fuel influence the flow and cavitation characteristics in the injector nozzle, which is reflected in the mass flow rate, effective nozzle diameter, and velocity at the nozzle exit. For spray simulations, the effect of in-nozzle flow on near-spray behaviour can be determined by the nozzle discharge coefficient (Cd), injection flow rate profile, and initial droplet size distribution, which are widely employed in similar spray studies and show reasonable results [27][28][29]. In addition, a ...

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Simulation of Liquid NH3 Spray Characteristics for Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) under Engine-Relevant Conditions

... Selain itu, upaya lain yang umum dilakukan dalam menjaga keberlanjutan lingkungan meliputi penerapan teknologi ramah lingkungan, pengelolaan sumber daya alam secara berkelanjutan, dan advokasi untuk kebijakan lingkungan yang lebih ketat. Teknologi hijau seperti energi terbarukan, pengolahan limbah yang efisien, dan transportasi berkelanjutan dapat membantu mengurangi jejak lingkungan dan memperbaiki kualitas udara dan air (Desta et al., 2022;Ishaq & Dincer, 2024). Selain itu, pengelolaan sumber daya alam dengan cara yang berkelanjutan, termasuk penghijauan kawasan, restorasi ekosistem, dan pelestarian habitat satwa liar, juga menjadi langkah penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem (Broadbent et al., 2015;Wedayanti et al., 2023). ...

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Evolusi Studi Global tentang Keberlanjutan Ekologis: Sebuah Kebijakan Adaptif untuk Indonesia

... Adding volatile components, 75 like Hexane, into less volatile fuels could lead to stronger flash boiling under the same ambient pressure. On the other hand, Zhao et al. [24] found that Pentane has the most considerable aerodynamic breakup level, which helps to increase the flash boiling intensity in gasoline sprays. ...

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Evaluation of GDI spray structures under flash boiling and strong collapse conditions with diverse fuels