Thomas Reilly's research while affiliated with Liverpool John Moores University and other places
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Publications (134)
The use of sports specific technical practices as a physical training stimulus has increased in recent years in soccer. Such approaches, while effective, can produce different levels of physiological strain in the individual players within the session thereby limiting the usefulness of the training session for all players. The aim of this study was...
The aim of the present study was to develop and cross-validate anthropometrical prediction equations for segmental lean tissue mass (SLM). One hundred and seventeen young healthy Caucasians (67 men and 50 women; mean age: 31.9 ± 10.0 years; Body Mass Index: 24.3 ± 3.2 kg · m(-2)) were included. Body mass (BM), stretch stature (SS), 14 circumference...
This study investigated the impact of ice vests and hand/forearm immersion on accelerating the physiological recovery between two bouts of strenuous exercise in the heat [mean (SD), 49.1(1.3)°C, RH 12 (1)]. On four occasions, eight firefighters completed two 20-min bouts of treadmill walking (5 km h, 7.5% gradient) while wearing standard firefighte...
Gaelic Football is the main sport in Ireland and has potential for use as a means of fitness in health promotion contexts. The present study entailed a cross-sectional comparison of performances in a motor test battery between elite female players and an age-matched reference group. The aim was to identify the fitness items that characterize top pe...
Physical inactivity is responsible for 13–14% of colon cancer, an attributable risk greater than family history. Epidemiological
evidence shows that PA is protective against colon cancer but is inconclusive as to whether it is protective of rectal cancer
or has equal effects on male and female risk of colorectal cancer. The effect of exercise inter...
This aims of this study were to investigate the effects of carbohydrate availability during endurance training on the plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha response to a subsequent acute bout of high-intensity interval exercise. Three groups of recreationally active males performed 6 weeks of high-intensity interval...
Twenty healthy young males were studied in Libya over a period one week before Ramadan to one week after it. Control values were obtained from the weeks before and after Ramadan, and experimental values from the first and last weeks of Ramadan. Participants answered a questionnaire about their sleep and naps, the food and fluid ingested, and activi...
Lifestyle and circadian patterns are disturbed in Muslims during the holy month of Ramadan. The aims of this study were to establish how the timing of sleep was influenced by fasting diurnal requirements and how training practices were altered in professional soccer players by comparing behaviour over the Ramadan month to that displayed in the four...
The occupation of firefighting is one that has repeatedly attracted the research interests of ergonomics. Among the activities encountered are attention to live fires, performing search and rescue of victims, and dealing with emergencies. The scientific literature is reviewed to highlight the investigative models used to contribute to the knowledge...
Athletic performance shows a time-of-day effect, possible causes for which are environmental factors (which can be removed in laboratory studies), the sleep-wake cycle and the internal "body clock". The evidence currently available does not enable the roles of these last two factors to be separated. Even so, results indicate that the body clock pro...
Part One: Ergonomics and disabled athletes. Part Two: Environmental factors, ergonomic aids and exercise performance. Part Three: Equipment design and technique analysis. Part Four: Training and fitness assessment. Part Five: Methodology and measurment techniques. Part Six: Health benefits of exercise and workplace-based programmes. Author Index. S...
Internal and external factors contribute to resting core temperature and affect thermoregulation. Also, a robust circadian rhythm exists, implying that the body is in “heat-gain” or “heat-loss” modes at different times during the 24h. Moreover, many variables associated with exercise, and the body's capacity for exercise, show circadian variation....
The aims in this review are: (1) to identify physiological determinants of performance; (2) to consider training specificity by examining aerobic, team and racket sports, strength and power activities, and cross-training and concurrent training methods; and (3) to evaluate the role of specificity in the physiological assessment of performance deter...
Wheelchair users undergo changes in body composition as a result of disability. In this study the distribution of bone mineral, lean and fat mass was assessed in highly-trained female wheelchair athletes and a reference group by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The transferability of anthropometric equations commonly used in female groups wa...
The primary aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that training with reduced carbohydrate availability from both endogenous and exogenous sources provides an enhanced stimulus for training-induced heat shock protein (HSP) adaptations of skeletal muscle. A secondary aim was to investigate the influence of reduced carbohydrate availabil...
Long-distance travel is becoming increasingly common. Whatever the means of transport, any long journey will be associated with "travel fatigue". The symptoms associated with this phenomenon result from a changed routine (particularly sleep lost and meals) and the general disruption caused by travel. Planning any trip well in advance will minimise...
Athletes train and compete at different times of the day according to personal preferences, schedule of team training or timing of competition. Many human performance variables follow the circadian rhythm in physiological measures, in phase with the rhythm in core body temperature. This correspondence applies to components of performance, physiolog...
Over the last decade, there has been some evidence reported on humans from both field-based and laboratory-based research that exercise exerts phase-shifting effects on the body clock. Following a recently published update on whether exercise is a significant synchroniser of human circadian rhythms, the aims of this review are to consider the possi...
Ergonomics model of the elite performerMonitoring and regulating loadsStress and fatigueSafetyEquipment designHuman–computer interactionEngineering the environmentFuture scenariosReferences
The acquisition of soft tissue measurements, fat (chemical) or adipose tissue (morphological) quantities, is essential in clinical research and nutritional status and its associated health risks. This has led to a proliferation of methods for the in-vivo determination of body composition. None of the indirect in-vivo approaches to estimate body adi...
Thirty-one subjects (14 males, 17 females; age 18–70 years) were investigated on eight occasions at weekly intervals, covering the two weeks before and after Ramadan, and the four weeks of Ramadan. Subjects were required to answer a questionnaire five times per day—at sunrise (about 07:00 h), 10:00 h, 14:00 h, at sunset (about 18:30 h), and on reti...
The optimal physical preparation of elite soccer (association football) players has become an indispensable part of the professional game, especially due to the increased physical demands of match-play. The monitoring of players’ work rate profiles during competition is now feasible through computer-aided motion analysis. Traditional methods of mot...
We compared anthropometric and fitness performance data from graduate male youth players from an elite soccer academy who on leaving the institution were either successful or not in progressing to higher standards of play. Altogether, 161 players were grouped according to whether they achieved international or professional status or remained amateu...
Two studies were performed during Ramadan, one in the UK (N=31) and the other in Libya (N=33). The aims were to assess some changes to lifestyle that are produced by fasting as well as effects due to culture. Subjects were studied on eight separate occasions: four control days (two before and two after Ramadan) and four days during the four weeks o...
The two major sports indigenous to Ireland are Gaelic football and hurling. Both are 15-a-side field games played on a pitch 40% longer than a soccer field. They are firmly linked to a nationalist tradition and have by far the highest participation rates in sports in the country. Both games make multiple demands on participants due to their free-fl...
The impact of ageing on the human cardiovascular system has been the subject of several studies in recent years, but with insufficient emphasis on defining sex-specific differences. To rectify this, gender-specific differences in structure and function in the human cardiovascular system were studied in a European population during natural ageing.
C...
IntroductionThe human body clockEffects of jet lag on performanceAdjusting the body clockPromoting adjustment of the body clockConclusions
References
The aim of this study was to establish whether a practical cooling strategy reduces the physiological strain during simulated firefighting activities. On two occasions, 12 male firefighters completed two bouts of simulated firefighting activities (separated by a 15-min recovery period) under live fire conditions. During the 15-min recovery period s...
A range of methods is available for analysis of body composition. These vary from anthropometric measures taken from the body surface tosophisticated imaging systems. The choice of method depends on resources and training of personnel available, use in laboratory or field context and purpose of data collection or examination. The relevance of these...
The history of the Journal of Sports Sciences is traced from the antecedents of its initiation to the current time. The developments of the sports sciences at large are reflected in the content of the journal. Its links with the international agenda are described, and related to landmark publications. Special attention is given to the relationships...
ABSTRACT— Cognitive performance is affected by an individual’s characteristics and the environment, as well as by the nature of the task and the amount of practice at it. Mental performance tests range in complexity and include subjective estimates of mood, simple objective tests (reaction time), and measures of complex performance that require dec...
Epidemiologic data on injuries in young female soccer players at elite levels are scarce.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the incidence of soccer-related injuries in young elite female French players.
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.
Injuries sustained by players between 15 and 19 years of age, during 8 seasons, were diagnosed and...
The two main aims of the study were to compare the dominant and non-dominant hand with regard to circadian rhythms of accuracy of performance at a task that required eye-hand coordination and sub-maximum muscle contraction, as well as to investigate if there were differences between the dominant and non-dominant hands in the associations between ci...
One of the consequences of sustaining exercise for 90 minutes of football match-play is that the capability of muscle to generate force declines. This impairment is reflected in the decline of work-rate towards the late part of the game. Causes of this phenomenon, which is known as fatigue, and some of its consequences are considered in this articl...
The optimal physical preparation of elite soccer (association football) players has become an indispensable part of the professional game, especially due to the increased physical demands of match-play. The monitoring of players' work rate profiles during competition is now feasible through computer-aided motion analysis. Traditional methods of mot...
We examined variations in dart-throwing performance during the daytime in 12 participants. Two distances from the dartboard were investigated - the normal distance (short throws) and another 50% further away than this (long throws). Intra-aural temperature and subjective fatigue were measured, and errors in performance were assessed as the radial d...
The training and competitive programmes of elite athletes incorporate travel schedules, often long journeys, across multiple time zones. In such cases, travel causes both transient fatigue and a malaise known as "jet-lag" that persists for some days. Jet-lag is due to the disturbance of the body's circadian rhythms: diurnal and performance rhythms...
Athletes frequently train with a short time recovery between sessions. The present aim was to establish how salivary IgA is altered following two soccer-specific intermittent exercise bouts performed on the same day.
Ten males participated in two experimental trials (single session, double session) 1 week apart, in a counterbalanced design. One tri...
We review the literature on whether exercise is a synchroniser of human circadian rhythms, and highlight the specific methodological problems that are associated with this topic. In applied research, exercise has been investigated as a treatment for jet lag and shift-work problems. In these studies, there have been difficulties in controlling the c...
The number of travellers undertaking long-distance flights has continued to increase. Such flights are associated with travel fatigue and jet lag, the symptoms of which are considered here, along with their similarities, differences, and causes. Difficulties with jet lag because of sleep loss and decreased performance are emphasised. Since jet lag...
The objective of this study is to investigate the association between actigraphic estimates of the sleep-wake rhythm and a range of functional domains that contribute to well-being in demented elderly patients.
Eighty-seven women aged 85.5 +/- 5.9 years (mean +/- standard deviation) wore an actigraph for two weeks. Activity profiles were analyzed u...
Sleep-waking cycles are fundamental in human circadian rhythms and their disruption can have consequences for behaviour and performance. Such disturbances occur due to domestic or occupational schedules that do not permit normal sleep quotas, rapid travel across multiple meridians and extreme athletic and recreational endeavours where sleep is rest...
In this review the effects of diurnal fasting on normal physiological processes are considered. Ramadan is placed in a circadian context, food and fluid ingestion being displaced to the pre-sunrise and post-sunset hours. Over the holy month, negative energy balance is often experienced, though this deficit is not a universal finding. Responses to e...
Elite athletes and their coaches are accustomed to international travel for purposes of training or sports competition. Recreational participants are similarly, if less frequently, exposed to travel stress. Transient negative effects that constitute travel fatigue are quickly overcome, whereas longer-lasting difficulties are associated with crossin...
Football (soccer) training and matches are scheduled at different times throughout the day. Association football involves a variety of fitness components as well as psychomotor and game-related cognitive skills. The purpose of the present research, consisting of two separate studies, was to determine whether game-related skills varied with time of...
Soccer (association football) is a team sport that incorporates frequent fluctuations between high and low exercise intensities. These unpredictable changes may be accompanied by unorthodox patterns of movements and the performance of specific skills. The individual activity profiles are highly variable and include elements of self-pacing, since de...
Physical inactivity may be responsible for 13-14% of colon cancer, an attributable risk greater than family history. Epidemiological evidence shows an association between occupational and recreational physical activity and colon cancer, but has not established whether physical activity is protective against low-risk or more advanced adenomas. The e...
The aim of the study was to assess if a simple motor task, one that required muscle contractions well below maximum, showed evidence of circadian changes and time-awake. The task consisted of using a larger counter to flick a number of smaller counters to land as near as possible to the center of a target. The closer a counter landed next to the ce...
Changes in rectal temperature during mild exercise in the middle of the rising (11:00 h) and falling (23:00 h) phases of the circadian rhythm of resting core temperature have been compared. Seven healthy males were studied at rest, while exercising on a cycle ergometer (60 min at 80 W), and during the first 30 min of recovery. Rectal temperature, f...
Exercise causes body temperature to rise and the resulting heat stored becomes a factor limiting exercise performance in hot conditions. Loss of heat by evaporative processes leads to hypohydration which itself can eventually impair performance. This review focuses on thermoregulatory and behavioural processes during sustained exercise in the heat....
Using 95% limits of agreement (LOA), this study examined the reproducibility of indices of isokinetic leg strength in pubertal soccer players. Following familiarization, 23 boys performed isokinetic assessments of the knee joint muscles at 1.08, 2.16, and 4.32 rad/s during concentric exercise and at 2.16 rad/s during eccentric actions on two separa...
Use of scores on a single test of endurance which discriminates potentially talented under-age players' performance is insufficient for prediction of later performance, but such data could be useful when considered with other test scores.
The referee has responsibility for control of players' behaviour during competitive football and implementing the rules of the game. To do this, the referee and the two assistant referees are obliged to keep up with play. Referees cover 10,000 m on average during a game, mean heart rate is about 160 - 165 beats . min(-1) and oxygen uptake is close...
Surface electromyography has been useful in comparing muscular activity among different sports movements and it is a valuable technique for evaluating muscle activation, co-ordination and fatigue. Since these important variables have not been investigated during the full game in soccer, the present study aimed to investigate the activity of major m...
Body composition was repeatedly assessed in 28 male Premier League football players using dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DXA) [UK; date not given]. Assessments were performed at the beginning (T1) and end (T2) of 6 weeks of pre-season training, 29 weeks later during the competitive phase (T3) and at the beginning (T4) and end (T5) of a 6-week pr...
Research on age-related injury incidence in elite youth soccer is needed to identify high-risk groups.
To investigate the incidence of soccer-related injuries in elite French youth players based at the Clairefontaine Football Center.
Cohort study (Prevalence); Level of evidence, 1.
Injuries sustained by players in the younger than 14-, 15-, and 16-...
A reduction in stature (shrinkage) has been used as a measure of the load on the spine. Musculoskeletal effects of ageing may influence individual responses to compressive loading on the spine and the resultant loss in stature. The aim was to apply the technique of precision stadiometry for assessment of spinal shrinkage in a comparison of response...
Training for and participation in impact-loading sports are associated with alterations in bone strength which are specific to anatomical site and type of strain. The effect of exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) depends on the type of activity engaged in. Sports with high impact loading seem to have a positive effect in promoting bone mineralis...
To understand better how disruption to daily routines and circadian factors affect food intake, some aspects of 361 passengers' eating habits during long-haul flights across eight time zones were investigated. Two meals were provided during each flight. Passengers stated whether or not they had eaten part or all of each meal and the reasons for thi...
There are profound fluctuations in climate that occur within the annual cycle of seasonal changes. The severity of these changes depends on latitude of location and prevailing topography. Living creatures have evolved means of coping with seasonal extremes. Endogenous circannual cycles, at least in humans, appear to have been masked by mechanisms e...
Although regular physical activity is beneficial for many clinical conditions, an acute bout of exercise might increase the risk of an adverse clinical event, such as sudden cardiac death or myocardial infarction, particularly in vulnerable individuals. Since it is also known that the incidence of these events peaks in the morning and that some car...
The aim of this study was to compare the prolactin and blood pressure responses at identical core temperatures during active and passive heat stresses, using prolactin as an indirect marker of central fatigue. Twelve male subjects cycled to exhaustion at 60% maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in a room maintained at 33 degrees C (active). In a second...
We examined the effects of a single 2.5-mg dose of melatonin on the thermoregulatory and circulatory responses to intermittent exercise at a room temperature of 27.2+/-0.4 degrees C (mean+/-S.D.), a relative humidity of 55+/-3% (mean+/-S.D.), and a light intensity of 200-300 lux. In a double-blind cross-over study, six male participants ingested ei...
Disrupted sleep is the most common form of sleep deprivation in travellers, shift workers, athletes the night before important competitions and among parents of infants. The influence of partial sleep loss on muscle strength might differ according to the time of testing on the following day. This study was therefore designed to assess the interacti...
An ergonomics model of training is described in which the demands of the game and the fitness profiles of soccer players are placed in perspective. The demands of the game may be gauged by monitoring the work rate of players during matches and the concomitant physiological responses. These indices suggest an increased tempo in contemporary professi...
Competitive soccer engages many of the body's systems to a major extent. The musculoskeletal, nervous, immune and metabolic systems are stressed to a point where recovery strategies post-exercise become influential in preparing for the next match. Intense activity at a 7-day training camp causes participants to experience lowered concentrations of...
An analysis of eating habits in older retired subjects (“No Work group”) and younger subjects employed in full-time work (“Work group”) has been carried out. It used a questionnaire that assessed why individuals chose to eat or not to eat meals during the course of the day, and subjective responses to the meals. The questionnaire was answered every...
The effects of jet lag are transient and should not entail cessation of athletic training. Symptoms will not cause performers to desist because of exhaustion, as might occur with heat stress, but can hinder quality of training and performance. Rehydration is important, particularly if the ambient temperature in the new time zone is high, as heat st...
We examined the effects of time of day on a cycling time trial with and without a prolonged warm-up, among cyclists who tended towards being high in "morningness". Eight male cyclists (mean +/- s: age = 24.9 +/- 3.5 years, peak power output = 319 +/- 34 W, chronotype = 39 +/- 6 units) completed a 16.1-km time trial without a substantial warm-up at...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of supra-physiological changes in ovarian hormone levels on maximum force production in two conditions, one physiological (pregnancy) and one pseudo-physiological (in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment). Forty IVF patients were tested at four distinct stages of treatment and 35 women were te...
The disruption of circadian rhythms following time-zone transitions gives rise to the syndrome of jet lag. The power of some of the symptoms of jet lag to predict the amount of jet lag measured at the same and at different times of the day has been investigated. Eleven healthy subjects were studied in an Isolation Unit for two days after a simulate...
Twelve healthy adults were studied, singly or in groups of up to four, in an Isolation Unit before (control days) and for 3 days after a simulated time-zone transition to the east across 8 time zones (the clock being changed from 15:00 to 23:00h). Subjects were free to choose how to pass their waking hours (though naps were forbidden), and to eat w...
Some factors influencing food intake and subjective responses to meals were assessed in 2 groups (n=40 and n=36) of healthy university students. Both groups were studied for 6 days and included both "structured" and "unstructured" times. A questionnaire was completed by all subjects at 3 h intervals while awake. The questionnaires asked the subject...
This review first examines reliable and convenient ways of measuring core temperature for studying the circadian rhythm, concluding that measurements of rectal and gut temperature fulfil these requirements, but that insulated axilla temperature does not. The origin of the circadian rhythm of core temperature is mainly due to circadian changes in th...
Hill walking is a popular recreational activity in the developed world, yet it has the potential to impose severe stress simultaneously upon several regulatory systems. Information regarding the physiological strain imposed by prolonged walking outdoors in adverse climatic conditions was reported almost four decades ago and recent research has exte...
Twelve healthy participants were studied in an Isolation Unit. For the first 7 (control) days, subjects lived on UK time. Then the clock was advanced by 8 h, mimicking an eastward time-zone transition, and for days 8 to 12, participants lived on this new local time. Two constant routines (participants were not allowed to sleep, were restricted in m...
A descriptive approach is adopted in reviewing the probable impact of environmental factors during the summer Olympic Games since their inception in 1896. A historical analytical perspective is impractical due to the lack of reliable climatic data for the earlier Games and the evolution of a myriad of factors that impinge on competitive performance...
