Ted Schwaba's research while affiliated with Michigan State University and other places

Publications (52)

Article
Objective: Theory and anecdotal evidence suggest that people undergo psychological changes before and after religious conversion and deconversion. Yet, existing research provided inconclusive evidence. Here, we examined psychological change before, during, and after institutional conversion and deconversion in a large-scale longitudinal study. Me...
Preprint
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Do changes in religiosity beget changes in personality, or do changes in personality precede changes in religiosity? Existing evidence supports longitudinal associations between personality and religiosity at the between-person level, such that individual differences in personality predict subsequent individual differences in change in religiosity....
Preprint
Full-text available
Differences in the patterning of genetic sharing and differentiation between groups may arise from differences in biological pathways, social mechanisms, phenotyping and ascertainment. We expand the Genomic Structural Equation Modeling framework to allow for testing Genomic Structural Invariance (GSI): the formal comparison of multivariate genetic...
Article
Full-text available
Background Individuals who are socioeconomically disadvantaged are at increased risk for aging-related diseases and perform less well on tests of cognitive function. The weathering hypothesis proposes that these disparities in physical and cognitive health arise from an acceleration of biological processes of aging. Theories of how life adversity i...
Preprint
Do changes in religiosity beget changes in personality, or do changes in personality precede changes in religiosity? Existing evidence supports longitudinal associations between personality and religiosity at the between-person level, such that individual differences in personality predict subsequent individual differences in change in religiosity....
Preprint
Full-text available
Background: Individuals who are socioeconomically disadvantaged are at increased risk for aging-related diseases and perform less well on tests of cognitive function. The Weathering Hypothesis proposes that these disparities in physical and cognitive health arise from an acceleration of biological processes of aging. Theories of how life adversity...
Article
How does optimism change over the lifespan and how do changes predict health and well-being? In a pre-registered analysis of the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study, we examined changes in and outcomes of optimism over 25 years (1989–2014) in 984 adults aged 16–70. Optimism increased over time similarly across participants. However, more optimistic...
Article
Past research syntheses provided evidence that personality traits are both stable and changeable throughout the life span. However, early meta-analytic estimates were constrained by a relatively small universe of longitudinal studies, many of which tracked personality traits in small samples over moderate time periods using measures that were only...
Article
Internet use is increasingly ubiquitous among older adults and may buffer against declines in cognitive engagement. We examined longitudinal associations between three types of internet use (media, social, and instrumental) and two indicators of cognitive engagement (Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition) in a nationally representative samp...
Preprint
Past research syntheses provided evidence that personality traits are both stable and changeable throughout the lifespan. However, early meta-analytic estimates were constrained by a relatively small universe of longitudinal studies, many of which tracked personality traits in small samples over moderate time periods using measures that were only l...
Article
How do people’s religious beliefs and behaviors change over the course of adulthood? Previous research found rapid decreases in religiosity during young adulthood and rebounds in middle and late adulthood. However, secularization trends—if not accounted for—can bias or obscure age-graded changes in religiosity. Using longitudinal data from over 14,...
Preprint
Across adulthood, people tend to experience psychologically adaptive personality trait change, a robust finding known as the maturity principle of personality development. We identify three open areas of inquiry regarding personality maturation and address them in a pre-registered study, using a sample of US adults ages 30-70 who completed a batter...
Article
Across adulthood, people tend to experience psychologically adaptive personality trait change, a robust finding known as the maturity principle of personality development. We identify three open areas of inquiry regarding personality maturation and address them in a preregistered study, using a sample of U.S. adults ages 30-70 who completed a batte...
Article
Full-text available
Personality traits are important predictors of health behaviors, healthcare utilization, and health outcomes. However, we know little about the role of personality traits for emergency department outcomes. The present study used data from 200 patients (effective Ns range from 84 to 191), who were being discharged from the emergency department at an...
Preprint
Personality traits are important predictors of health behaviors, healthcare utilization, and health outcomes. However, we know little about the role of personality traits for emergency department outcomes. The present study used data from 200 patients (effective Ns range from 84 to 191), who were being discharged from the emergency department at an...
Preprint
Internet use is increasingly ubiquitous among older adults and may buffer against declines in cognitive engagement. We examined longitudinal associations between three types of internet use (media, social, and instrumental) and two indicators of cognitive engagement (Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition) in a nationally representative samp...
Article
Full-text available
Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009 to 2017. Individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent i...
Article
Significance Childhood lead exposure causes lifelong psychological problems, which may be more extensive than previously thought. In a sample of over 1.5 million people, we found that US and European residents who grew up in areas with higher levels of atmospheric lead had less adaptive personality profiles in adulthood (lower conscientiousness, lo...
Preprint
Childhood lead exposure has devastating lifelong consequences, as even low-level exposure stunts intelligence and leads to delinquent behavior. But these consequences may be more extensive than previously thought, because childhood lead exposure may adversely affect normal-range personality traits. Personality influences nearly every aspect of huma...
Article
Withstanding the climate crisis will depend in part on individuals behaving in a more environmentally sustainable manner. However, relatively little is known about the individual factors that promote sustainable attitudes and behaviors (SABs). Although there are established cross-sectional associations between personality traits and SABs, it is unc...
Article
Are five-factor traits and borderline personality symptoms the same features with different names? The existing literature offers reasons to think they are the same and reasons to think they are different. We examined longitudinal associations between these variables in a sample of patients assessed 12 times over 24 years using latent curve models...
Preprint
Objectives Although researchers have linked sense of purpose to working status, there are few studies examining how specific characteristics of work may correlate with sense of purpose. The aim of the current study is to extend prior research by assessing the degree to which objective and subjective forms of career success—occupational prestige and...
Preprint
Are five factor traits and borderline personality symptoms the same features with different names? The existing literature offers reasons to think they are the same and reasons to think they are different. We examined longitudinal associations between these variables in a sample of patients assessed 12 times over 24 years using latent curve models...
Article
Objectives: Although researchers have linked sense of purpose to working status, there are few studies examining how specific characteristics of work may correlate with sense of purpose. The aim of the current study is to extend prior research by assessing the degree to which objective and subjective forms of career success-occupational prestige a...
Article
Comments on the target article by M. C. Ashton and K. Lee, who argue in favor of the six-factor HEXACO model over the Big Five (see record 2020-19340-001). Although the HEXACO model offers some specific advantages over the Big Five, both suffer from limitations common to universal, broad-bandwidth models of personality structure. The precedence of...
Article
Full-text available
We created a facet atlas that maps the interrelations between facet scales from 13 hierarchical personality inventories to provide a practically useful, transtheoretical description of lower-level personality traits. We generated this atlas by estimating a series of network models that visualize the correlations among 268 facet scales administered...
Preprint
Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact co...
Preprint
Although individuals vary in how optimistic they are about the future, one assumption that researchers make is that optimism is sensitive to changes in life events and circumstances. We examined how optimism and pessimism changed across the lifespan and in response to life events in three large panel studies (combined N = 74,886). In the American a...
Article
Objectives: Researchers have hypothesized that using Information and Communications Technology (ICT), such as email and social media, may buffer older adults from normative age-graded declines in psychological adjustment. However, past intervention research has been unable to conclusively evaluate this proposition, and no studies to date have exam...
Article
Although individuals vary in how optimistic they are about the future, one assumption that researchers make is that optimism is sensitive to changes in life events and circumstances. We examined how optimism and pessimism changed across the lifespan and in response to life events in three large panel studies (combined N = 74,886). In the American a...
Preprint
Objectives: Researchers have hypothesized that using Information and Communications Technology (ICT), such as email and social media, may buffer older adults from normative age-graded declines in psychological adjustment. However, past intervention research has been unable to conclusively evaluate this proposition, and no studies to date have exami...
Article
Life span theories of human development assert that people prioritize emotional values over informational values when they believe their time is limited. This process unfolds naturally as people age but may be accelerated by life-threatening events. We tested whether the experience of serious health adversity leads to changes in value orientation....
Article
Full-text available
Health, the environment, and animal rights represent the three main reasons people cite for vegetarian diet in Western societies. However, it has not been shown that these motives can be distinguished empirically, and little is known about what kind of people are likely to be compelled by these different motives. This study had three goals. First,...
Preprint
We created a facet atlas that maps the interrelations between facet scales from 13 hierarchical personality inventories to provide a practically useful, transtheoretical description of lower-level personality traits. We generated the atlas by estimating a series of network models that visualize the correlations among 268 facet scales administered t...
Preprint
Lifespan theories of human development assert that people prioritize emotional values over informational values when they believe their time is limited. This process unfolds naturally as people age but may be accelerated by life-threatening events. We tested whether the experience of serious health adversity leads to changes in value orientation. U...
Preprint
The purpose of this study was to chart changes in self-esteem before and after marital dissolution to identify the factors that shape individuals’ self-esteem during this life transition. To do this, we analyzed 10 annual waves of self-esteem data from 291 divorcees from a nationally representative panel study of the Netherlands (N ~ 13,000). We ch...
Article
Objective: The purpose of this study was to chart changes in self-esteem before and after marital dissolution to identify the factors that shape individuals' self-esteem during this life transition. Method: We analyzed 10 annual waves of self-esteem data from 291 divorcees from a nationally representative panel study of the Netherlands (N ~ 13,0...
Article
Numerous studies have demonstrated long-term benefits of optimism for physical and mental health. However, little research has examined how optimism develops across the life span and how it is shaped by positive and negative life experiences. In this study, we examined the normative trajectory of optimism development from ages 26 to 71 in a longitu...
Preprint
Objective: Although numerous studies have demonstrated that personality traits predict important love and work outcomes, there is mixed evidence for the relevance of openness to experience to love and work. We sought to better understand the long-term consequences of openness in these two domains.Method: We examined associations between openness an...
Article
Objective Although numerous studies have demonstrated that personality traits predict important love and work outcomes, there is mixed evidence for the relevance of openness to experience to love and work. We sought to better understand the long‐term consequences of openness in these two domains. Method We examined associations between openness an...
Preprint
Numerous studies have demonstrated long-term benefits of optimism for physical and mental health. However, little research has examined how optimism develops across the lifespan and how it is shaped by positive and negative life experiences. In this study, we examined the normative trajectory of optimism development from ages 26 to 71 in a longitud...
Article
We examined the course of self-esteem during the transition to retirement in a sample of 690 retirees (ages 51–81) and a propensity-score matched-comparison group of 515 nonretirees drawn from a nationally representative longitudinal study in the Netherlands. The average retiree decreased in self-esteem in the 5 years before retirement and remained...
Preprint
We examined the course of self-esteem during the transition to retirement in a sample of 690 retirees (ages 51-81) and a propensity-score matched comparison group of 515 non-retirees drawn from a nationally representative longitudinal study in the Netherlands. The average retiree decreased in self-esteem in the five years before retirement and rema...
Article
In this study, we examined trajectories of Big Five personality development in the 5 years before and after retirement. Our sample was composed of 690 retirees (ages 51–81) and a propensity-score matched comparison group of 532 nonretirees drawn from a nationally representative longitudinal study of the Netherlands. Participants contributed data ac...
Chapter
The term emerging adulthood has been introduced to describe an extended period of development between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood. This chapter examines two hypotheses about the nature and shape of personality trait change during this period. Specifically, based on theory and research on emerging adulthood, it can be predicted that, in c...
Preprint
In this study, we examined trajectories of Big Five personality development in the five years before and after retirement. Our sample was composed of 690 retirees (ages 51-81) and a propensity-score matched comparison group of 532 non-retirees drawn from a nationally representative longitudinal study of the Netherlands. Participants contributed dat...
Article
We examined the life span development of openness to experience and tested whether change in this personality trait was associated with change in cultural activity, such as attending the opera or visiting museums. Data came from the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Study for the Social Sciences panel, which includes 5 personality assessments across a 7-...
Article
Objective: A precise and comprehensive description of personality continuity and change across the lifespan is the bedrock upon which theories of personality development are built. Little research has quantified the degree to which individuals deviate from mean-level developmental trends. In this study, we addressed this gap by examining individua...
Preprint
Objective: A precise and comprehensive description of personality continuity and change across the lifespan is the bedrock upon which theories of personality development are built. Little research has quantified the degree to which individuals deviate from mean-level developmental trends. In this study, we addressed this gap by examining individual...
Preprint
We examined the lifespan development of openness to experience and tested whether change in this personality trait was associated with change in cultural activity, such as attending the opera or visiting museums. Data came from the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Study for the Social Sciences panel, which includes 5 personality assessments across a 7-y...
Article
The present longitudinal study used data from 187 newlywed couples to examine the impact of the birth of the first child on self-esteem over the course of the first 5 years of marriage. Results suggest that the birth of the first child is associated with changes in parents’ (especially mothers’) self-esteem. For the average parent, these changes we...

Citations

... Additionally, DNAm measures computed in both blood and saliva tissues from the same persons show high cross-tissue rank-order stability (Raffington et al., 2021). More research is needed to assess the applicability of blood-based DNAm measures particularly to buccal tissue, for which cross-tissue rank-order stability appears to be lower than saliva (Raffington et al., 2023). ...
... Technology use also plays a role in personality development in ageing. 6 The more frequent exposure and use of technology tends to decline anxiety and its novelty; specifically with the use of the internet it has been shown that it helps maintain cognitive function, 7 which in turn affects personality. ...
... For personality traits and personality disorders, their stability is a defining property because they are supposed to be enduring (American Psychiatric Association, 2013;Roberts & DelVecchio, 2000). Nonetheless, personality functioning and personality traits can change over time-in terms of rank-order changes (i.e., changes in participants' relative positions within a sample over time) and mean-level changes (i.e., direction and extent of absolute changes averaged across all participants; e.g., Bleidorn et al., 2022;Johansen et al., 2016). ...
... Despite extensive work and longstanding interest in the social and developmental plasticity of personality (e.g. Caspi and Roberts, 2001;Stamps and Groothuis, 2010;Bergmüller and Taborsky, 2010;Cabrera et al., 2021;Bleidorn et al., 2022), as well as the effects of parenting and rearing environments on personality (e.g. Reddon, 2011;Taylor et al., 2012;Vukasović and Bratko, 2015), much remains to be learned about how IGEs from outside of the natal home or nest (e.g. ...
... Previous studies have shown that when different items are used to measure a particular Big Five personality trait, these different items can show heterogenous mean-level patterns with age (e.g., Lucas & Donnellan, 2009;Mõttus & Rozgonjuk, 2021), although personality development is typically examined only for mean scores (e.g., Graham et al., 2020). Similarly, when items that cover similar aspects were bundled into facets, distinct developmental trends were found for the facets of a trait (e.g., Jackson et al., 2009;Roberts et al., 2006;Schwaba et al., 2022;Soto et al., 2011;Terracciano et al., 2005). Therefore, developmental trends in the mean levels of the Big Five may depend on which personality items were selected. ...
... datasets. However, more specific personality facets or nuances (Stewart et al., 2022) may be more strongly associated with healthcare use and may provide more information about why traits are associated with healthcare use (e.g., Atherton et al., 2021). Future research should examine associations between personality traits, facets, and nuances, and more specific types of healthcare use. ...
... Public policy makers should support efforts to increase personal environmental concerns in society, which could subsequently trigger individual actions, which could be powerful tools in the fight against environmental pollution (Hopwood et al., 2021). We also recommend that policy makers support firms' training and educational activities, such as through financial support of (foreign) exchanges. ...
... However, these elements could become biohazards at high concentrations. For example, Pb and methylmercury (MeHg), the organic form of Hg, are regarded as neurotoxic even at low exposure concentrations, whereas Cd, Ni and Cr are carcinogenic and/or allergenic (Manić et al., 2022;Schwaba et al., 2021;Zulaikhah et al., 2020). Of these metals, Hg, Pb, and Cd are considered critical from environmental and human health perspectives (Marnane, 2018;Steffen et al., 2005;World Health Organisation, 2017). ...
... A fragmented literature further explores the relevance of a variety of possible predictors of climate-friendly behavior at the individual level, such as personality traits (Brick & Lewis, 2016;Hopwood et al., 2021), psycho-social, cognitive, and sociodemographic factors (Thaller et al., 2020). For organizational contexts, organizational routines and habitual processes are proposed as potentially relevant determinants of sustainable employee behavior (Lülfs & Hahn, 2014;Norton et al., 2015;Ones & Dilchert, 2012;Wade & Griffiths, 2021). ...