Takaaki Niwa’s research while affiliated with Nara Women's University and other places

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of emotions, cognition, personality and attitude on cognitive judgment by means of players' judgment on the play that ends the rally (the finishing play) in situations of volleyball games. The subjects number sixty-nine in all of four volleyball teams of women's colleges and universities. Each subject watches the video-tape, one set of the game of her own team, and is asked to write which play has ended the rally. Then, the written answers are checked in relationships with cognition of the opponent's strength, with her likes and dislikes of the opposing team, and with the results of two personally tests and one attitude test. The following conclusions are reached. 1. All the teams have strong tendencies for adjustment of emotions and cognition by attributing the opponent's points and rights rather to her own failure than to the opponent's success. 2. As to the personality factors, those who show the higher traits of objectivity make the more objective judgments, those who are the less self-centered take the more failures as their own, those who have the greater sense of inferiority show the greater tendency of ego-centric cognition, and those who get the less points in cultural characteristics test of British sports are the more willing to take failures as their own. Accordingly, the personality factors and the attitude factors toward sports influence cognition of the causes of points and rights. 3. The cognition of opponent's ability compared with the ability of her own team influences cognition of the causes of points and rights.

The purpose of this study is to examine Authority-Power Structure and Group-Attractiveness from the viewpoint of strength in match; to clarify what makes athletic clubs strong and to get materials to reinforce the Theory of Productivity-Attractiveness with. The subjects were 3,010 members of 100 Rugby-Fotaball clubs from universities and colleges all over Japan.They were examined and checked by means of questionaire and the following conclusions were reached. 1. As far as Authority-Power Structure is concerned, the stronger the Rugby-Fotball clubs are, the more clubs are of the outsider control pattern and of the outsider including oligarchy pattern. On the contrary, the weaker the clubs are, the more clubs are of the outsider excluding oligarchy pattern and of the membership pattern. 2. The stronger the Rugby-Football clubs are, the more members participated in athletic clubs in their junior and senior highschool days: their participation was for a longer term, their clubs were strong and many of them were captains. Especially, in their senior highschool days,many from the Rugby-Football clubs must have been excellent players. 3. The Stronger the Rugby-Football clubs are, the more days are alloted to practicing and the more individual members show higher participation ratio. But, by bettering the system and method of practice, the days and the participation ratio could be a little less and lower. 4. Compared with about twenty years ago, the Rugby-Football club members today tend to show self-centered, individualistic way of thinking. 5. In order to strengthen the Rugby-Football clubs, the amount of practice matters, that is,in strained human relationship with excellent managers and coaches. 6. In the Rugby-Football clubs, too, strength of match and group attractiveness are closely related with each other. This affirms the Theory of Productivity-attractiveness. 7. The factors regulating the strength of the clubs were examined according to their Authority-Power Structure. Outsider Controlled Pattern: the attractiveness of the club's prestige is stronger than other factors. When people other than managers and coaches take leader-ship, the clubs become weaker. Outsider Including Oligarchy Pattern: the attractivenesss of the club's prestige is also stronger than other factors. Generally speaking, the captain's strong leadership with his performance function makes the club strong. Outsider Excluding Oligarchy Pattern: these data can not be clarified but if we presume to say, when the club is managed in the strained human relationship with the captain and the senior members at its top, the strengh of the club increases.