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Taking the forest park of Zhangjiajie scenic area as an example, the study analyzed and appraised each service function in the area from 1990 to 2000. The result indicated that according to the evaluation result, the service function of the ecosystem in the scenic area was enhanced nearly doubled during the ten years; from the value constitution, compared 2000 with 1990, the function of providing product and supporting increased to different extents. From the sole function target, compared 2000 with 1990, there were six kinds of function targets - forest by-products and agricultural products maintenance of soil, conservation of water, purification of environment, leisure tourism, and maintenance of biodiversity - whose service function value of the ecosystem in the scenic area was added; while forest product, fixed C, circulation of nutrients and photosynthesis reduced. The above tendency of the change, on the one hand, reflected that with the peoples living standard improved, the scenic area attracted more and more tourists due to its unique natural condition and landscape. Its cultural function obtained the full display and the total value got a great growth. On the other hand, with tourist income increasing rapidly, the development of the scenic area was shifted from forest product and agricultural product to the protection of the natural resources and the tourist development. To some extents, it promoted the ecosystem conservation in the scenic area and caused the improvement of the regional forest ecosystem and the quality of the overall ecological environment.
The stability and function of a soil ecosystem depends on the cycling of nutrients by the soil microbial community. To evaluate the effects of regenerating forest cover on the function of microbial community, the differences of four forest restoration approaches, including plantations of slash pine, Chinese fir, tea-oil camellia and natural secondary forest, in soil microbial community size, activity and metabolic diversity were measured by microbial biomass and metabolic diversity (BIOLOG) assays in a hilly red soil region, Southern China. Native soils were sampled and assessed with 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers. Results showed that significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in soil microbial biomass among four forest restoration approaches. It was highest in the soil of natural secondary forest, medial in the plantations of tea-oil camellia and Chinese fir and the least in slash pine plantation. Principal component analysis (PCA) further revealed consistent differences of the metabolic diversity patterns in 0–20 cm soil, but not for Chinese fir plantation, tea-oil camellia plantation and natural secondary forest in 20–40 cm soil. Average well colour development (AWCD) and indices of richness and diversity showed significant difference in the four forest restoration approaches. The variable tendency of the indicators was the same as microbial biomass. These suggested that the ability to utilize sole-carbon-source and functional diversity (metabolic diversity) for soil microbial community were stronger in natural secondary forest than that in plantations. Altogether, microbial biomass and metabolic diversity patterns in 0– 20 cm soil of natural secondary forest were dominant, comparing with that of three plantations, viz. slash pine plantation, Chinese fir plantation and tea-oil camellia plantation. While in 20–40 cm soil there were no recognizable differences for above indicators among four vegetation types. Factors affecting the structure and function of soil microbial community appeared to be linked closely with artificial tending, soil and water loss, root biomass and litter production. The information gathered from the studies can be used to baseline data for forest restoration projects.
Ecological function regionalization is a kind of geographic spatial division, which is based on the distribution of ecosystem stress and effect, ecological sensitivity and ecological service importance. The target of ecological function regionalization is to distinguish the regional ecological problems and ecological fragile areas, determine the prior protection ecosystems and regions, and to supply scientific basis for regional ecological protection, region-based ecosystem management and sustainable development. Taken Anhui Province as a case, regional ecosystem sensitivity and service importance assessment were carried out according to the established guidelines. The primary eco-environmental problems and their driving forces of study target were also extracted. With the help of GIS, the spatial distribution of ecosystem sensitivity and service importance were characterized. Based on the above assessment, the provincial ecological function regionalization was worked out, and the ecological protection and construction emphasis, target and measures of each ecological region were also recommended. It indicated that, with the stress of population and economic growth, the eco-environmental quality of Anhui Province is going worse, with the appearance of intensive utilization and lack of cultivated land, strong dependence of agricultural production on external input, resource deficit and function decline of forest ecosystem, diminution and threat of biodiversity, shrinking of wetland, heavy pollution of surface water, capability decrease of anti-disturbance and aggravation of ecological disasters. The extremely sensitive area takes 5. 3% of the total provincial area, with distribution in the southern Wannan Mountain area, Huangshan and Jiuhuashan Mountain, northwestern and southeastern Dabie Mountain area. The highly sensitive area takes 19. 3%, with distribution in Wannan and Dabie Mountain area. The sensitive area takes 36. 8%, with distribution in the Huaibei Plain and hills. The slightly sensitive area takes 38. 6% of the provincial area, with distribution in the Jianghuai Upland and Flatland area, Yangtze-River Plain area and mountain basin area. The most ecologically important area takes 4. 8% of the provincial area, with distribution in the Wannan and Dabie Mountain area, Hill area along Yangtze-river, flood adjustment-store area of Huaihe River. The important-level area takes 21. 5%, with distribution in outer belt area of mountain area, Jianghuai Upland and Flatland area, Huaibei hills. The relatively important area takes 73. 7% of the provincial area, with distribution in the Huaibei Plain, Jianghuai Upland and Flatland area, Yangtze-river Plain area and mountain valley area. Based on the ecosystem assessment, five ecoregions, 16 sub-ecoregions and 47 eco-functional zones were subdivided by the method of "top-down" and with the support of GIS technology. The five eco-regions are: Huaibei Plain Eco-region, Jianghuai Upland and Flatland Eco-region, Wanxi Dabie Mountain Eco-region, Yangtze-river Plain Belt Eco-region and Wannan Mountain and Hill Eco-region. The application of the regionalization result was also discussed in this paper, which focus on the key area screening of ecological protection and construction, the encouraging and restricting profiles of regional development.
... Other experimental evidence demonstrated that carboxylic acids and amino acids are the most used sources when the microbial community of a soil is subjected to an abiotic stress (Jin et al., 2015). Nevertheless, these metabolic preferences have also be shown to be variable depending on different factors, as for instance soil chemical and physical characteristics, as well as environmental conditions (Zheng et al., 2004). As described by Sandle (2016), our results indicate that certain microbes in our experiment exhibit distinct substrate preferences for energy production. ...
... Moreover, the area contains a large portion of the Eurasian grasslands and wetlands and is located at the junction of monsoon and nonmonsoon areas as well as being the ecotone between agricultural and animal husbandry areas (Xin Barag Right Banner Local Records Compilation Committee. 2004;Bai et al., 2008;Ouyang, 2008;Yin et al., 2011). The Hulun Lake Basin is part of the Daursk National Nature Reserve, which was established in 1994 by China, Mongolia, and Russia, and is included on the "List of Internationally Important Wetlands". ...
... In 1989, the concept of "ecological security" and the global ecological security status monitoring were firstly put forward by the international institute for applied systems analysis (IIASA) [1][2][3][4][5][6]. National security strategy report of the United States also proposed the ecological environment security will bring into the category of national security in 1991 [7][8][9]. The concept of ecological security has caught extensive debate from the international society and since then the world has begun to study ecological security [10][11][12][13]. Ecological security is not only confined to the ecosystem security, but the national security constituted by political security, military security and economic security [14][15]. ...
... This diversity is a characteristic of the ecosystem and contributes to its stability and ecological functions. The vegetation and leaf litter found in forest ecosystems help to protect the soil from erosion and soil loss [ 43 ]. In contrast, bare land and bare rock ecosystems are far more susceptible to degradation from wind and water erosion, which diminishes soil quality and further destabilizes these areas. ...
... The grassland ecosystem is an important component of terrestrial ecosystems in China's arid and semi-arid regions and is the largest ecosystem type in terms of land area in the country [1]. It plays an indispensable role in nutrient cycling, soil and water conservation, and climate regulation [2,3]. ...
... Wilson [10] used travel cost methods, hedonic pricing methods, and conditional valuation methods to account for the economic value of non-market goods and services provided by US surface freshwater systems. Ouyang [11] divided the service functions of China's water ecosystem into four categories, and constructed a water ecosystem indirect value evaluation index system consisting of eight functions, including flood regulation and storage, water storage, and soil conservation. Thiele et al. [12] and Young et al. [13] assessed river ecosystem services to study their importance in providing different functions. ...
... Shi Yao (2012) reinventoried the economic value of China's terrestrial ecosystems by examining the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystem services [46]. Zhao Tongqian and Zhao Shengpei (2007) assessed the service value of China's river systems and mangrove forests, respectively [47,48]. Although there have been some achievements, domestic research still largely draws on foreign theories and methods, and more original theoretical and empirical research methods urgently need in-depth exploration and validation. ...
... The detection of varied nutrient (SOC, TN, DOC, and AP) concentrations in soils among the different reforestation approaches (Table 1) was consistent with that reported by He et al. (2021). The lower contents of SOC, TN, and AP in the pine forest than in the NR forest confirmed the findings of Zheng et al. (2005). However, the greater contents of SOC, TN, and AP in the topsoil of spruce and katsura plantations than those in NR (Figure 1) demonstrate that these artificially planted trees have improved soil fertility. ...
... In their study, Zheng et al. (2005) used Biolog Eco Plates to assess the effects of regenerating forest cover on soil microbial communities. The study revealed that different management practices and regeneration with different types of forests or secondary natural forests lead to changes in the functional diversity of soil microorganisms, indicating potential changes in ecosystem functioning. ...
