T Toharmat’s research while affiliated with IPB University and other places

Oilseeds, abundant in protein and fats, offer the potential for enhancing dairy ration and milk quality. However, anti-nutritional factors in raw oilseeds restrict their efficient utilization. Employing thermal treatments serves the dual purpose of safeguarding fatty acids and proteins from rumen biohydrogenation and degradation while deactivating anti-nutritional elements. This comparative study applied moist heat treatments (boiling and autoclaving) and dry heat treatments (roasting and extruding) to five oilseed feeds—kidney bean, soybean, mung bean, jack bean, sesame, and palm kernel meal. Gas chromatography analyzed the fatty acids profile, while in vitro methods studied protein degradation, reflected in ammonia concentration in the rumen. Results indicate that heat treatment type insignificantly alters nutrient content, except for protein. Changes in nutrient content vary among seed types, with a fat content decrease of 30-70% in all materials except soybeans, which exhibit a 10% reduction. Protein degradation is influenced by both material type and heat treatment, with roasting significantly reducing degradation compared to other methods. Fatty acid concentration responses to heating are inconsistent, though an impact on short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) is observed. In conclusion, roasting is the most effective and practical thermal protection method, preserving protein quality without significantly altering fatty acid profiles.

Improving protein efficiency has become the main target in dairy farming. The feeding strategy for high-producing cows is directed by optimizing non-protein nitrogen utilization while maintaining post-ruminal digested bypass protein. Soybean and soybean meal are protein sources with high biological value but are highly degradable, so they must be protected. This study aimed to compare the effect of moist heating and formaldehyde treatments as a method for protecting protein to increase rumen bypass protein. Parameters observed include fermentation profile (rumen pH, NH 3 , total VFA, protozoa, and total bacteria population) and nutrient digestibility. Treatments tested were an unprotected diet as control (C1), moist heating protected protein (C2), and formaldehyde protected protein (C3). Data were subjected to ANOVA using Randomized Block Design followed by orthogonal contrasts. The results showed that both moist heating and formaldehyde treatments (C2 and C3) reduced NH 3 and total VFA concentration (p<0.05) without affecting rumen pH, protozoa, and total bacteria count (p>0.05). Dry matter and organic matter did not affect by the treatments. In conclusion, both moist heating and formaldehyde methods could be used to protect feed protein and improve bypass protein in the dairy ration.

Types of forage and the altitude it grows affect the quality of milk’s fatty acids (FA) profile. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the chemical and FA quality of elephant grass (EG) and king grass (KG) growth from different altitudes. The grass samples were collected from Pangalengan District, the highland, and Dramaga District, the lowland. Grass lipid extraction and FA methylation were done according to the AOAC method. FA was quantified using gas chromatography (GC-7820A), CP-Sil 88 fused-silica capillary column, and authentic standard (Supelco 37 Component FAME-Mix). The nutrient content was analyzed using FT-NIR Spectrometer Solids Cell, except for EE used the AOAC method. This study showed EE content was significantly different between species, with the higher content found in EG. The C17:0 was significantly different between altitudes. The SFA, UFA, and PUFA were significantly different between species. The EG had higher UFA and PUFA and lower SFA. It showed that the higher EE content was related to the higher FAs yield, followed by higher UFA and PUFA in EG than in KG. It was concluded that the grass species had a more significant effect on chemical and FAs profiles than the altitude.

Supplementing dairy ration with Ca-soap vegetable oils rich in unsaturated fatty acid components increases the fatty acid profile and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) levels in dairy milk, but it might reduce fermentability and digestibility. This study aimed to identify the effect of vegetable oil supplementation protected by Ca-soap on rumen fermentability and digestibility. Parameters observed included pH score, protozoa population, total VFA (volatile fatty acid), ammonia concentration, dry and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD), neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) digestibility. The results showed that increasing Ca-soap-protected vegetable oil levels in dairy ration significantly decreased ( P <0.05) pH score, protozoa population, NH3 concentration, and digestibility. Oil type also significantly influenced all parameters except for microbial fermentation. The interaction effect of oil types and their levels were found in pH score, protozoa population, NH3 concentration, DMD, and fiber digestibility in ADF. Vegetable oils that influenced optimally were corn oil and canola oil. It is concluded that Ca-soap-protected vegetable oil supplementation in dairy ration should be less than 4%. It is suggested to study at the lower level. The type of oil used should consider its linoleic acid content and availability.

Fatty acids (FA) profiles especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are commonly used to distinguish milk quality. However, its content is very sensitive and tends to change with a different type of feed. The study aims to identify the relationship between the feeding system and milk FA profile in the Pangalengan sub-district. The feeding system and milk FA profiles were studied using two-step post observatory research. Step one, milk was collected from 27 traditional-dairy farms using purposive random sampling and compare with a largescale farm. The result shows that FA profiles vary greatly among traditional-farms especially for long-chain FA (LCFA) which was found in small concentrations. CLA content was also found higher in traditional-farms. Step two, five traditional-farms with the highest CLA milk content were observed for their feeding systems. Parameter observed including cow’s specification, feed type used, and feed intake. The best ration produced high milk CLA and production was the ration consisted of 38 % high-quality forages and 62 % commercial concentrate. Thus, it can be concluded that milk from traditional farms was better than milk from large-scale farms. The best milk CLA was produced with a combination of 38 % highquality forages and 62 % commercial concentrate

Milking time is one of the factors that affect milk quality. The objective of this study was to differentiate morning milk from afternoon based on milk fatty acid profile and create a prediction model using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). This study used explorative research and post-observation analysis. Milk sampling was collected from three different dairy farm locations in West Java Provinces (Pangalengan district of Bandung Regency, Cibungbulang District of Bogor Regency, and Tanah Sareal District of Bogor Municipality). Milk quality observed in this study included milk fat, protein, lactose, solid non-fat (SNF), and fatty acid compositions. Milk fat, protein, lactose, and SNF were analyzed using Lactoscan. Fatty acid compositions were identified using gas chromatography (GC). Sample spectrums were collected using NIRSflex 500. The difference between morning and afternoon milking was tested using a t-test carried out by SPSS ver. 25. Qualitative calibration of milk quality was conducted using NIRSCal v5.6 by applying the cluster (CLU) method. The results from lactoscan and GC showed that milk fat, caprylic acid, and myristoleic acid, and total SFA were significantly different (Sig. (2-tailed) < 0.05) in morning and afternoon milk. However, NIRS failed to generate a sophisticated model for the milk quality differentiation, which shows a low Q-value (0.0011231). The quantitative analysis accurately produced milk fat and total SFA predictions but failed to accurately predict caprylic acid and myristoleic acid. This study concluded that morning milk could be differentiated from afternoon milk based on milk fat, caprylic acid, myristoleic acid, and total SFA content. The NIRS technology can differentiate between morning and afternoon milk based on quantitative calibration of total fat and SFA.

Geographical position and feed quality of farms in highland and lowland, particularly in the tropical region, cause the differences in milk quality. One of the factors that influenced milk quality is the fatty acid (FA) profile of milk. The objective of this study is to compare the FA profiles of milk produced by farms in highland and lowland regions. Milk sampling was done by random purposive method at two regions which have different altitudes. Milk sampling was conducted with 28 farmers whose cows were fed botanically diverse forages and with commercial mix concentrate of dairy cows. The FA profiles of the milk samples were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC-7820A/G4350B, Agilent Technologies). Individual FAME was identified by comparison to standard mixture Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix and standard CLA (O5507, Sigma-Aldrich). The FA profiles were statistically analyzed for normality test and t-test carried out by SPSS ver.22. There were nine significantly different FA profiles consisting of C6:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1- trans 9, C18:2- trans , C18:2- cis , and C18:2-CLA. The milk from the lowland region has higher PUFA content, especially CLA content, and also has lower SFA content. The conclusion is milk from highland and lowland regions consists of different FA profiles.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial potency of ethanol extract from fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus and Its solid substrate made from coffee husk and sawdust on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922. The extract of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body and Tetracycline antibiotic paper disk 30µg/disk were used as control. The samples were extracted by using maceration method in 30% ethanol solution. The extracts were diluted with sterile distilled water to concentration 500, 1000, and 5000ppm. The result showed that the ethanol extracts from fruiting body of Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum and the extracts of coffee husk and sawdust substrate fermented by Pleurotus ostreatus could inhibit the growth of bacteria for all the concentration. There was a significant difference in diameter of cleared zones between Tetracycline antibiotic disc 30?g and the ethanol extracts of the samples (p<0.01). The diameter of cleared zones among the sample extracts and each dilution concentrations were not a significant difference (p>0.05). Tetracycline was sensitive to S.aureus ATCC25922, while all the extracts were resistant. This study confirmed that there were the antibacterial potency of mushroom extracts from the fruiting body and also its solid substrates.