T. P. Hadjiioannou's research while affiliated with Harokopio University and other places
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Publications (128)
A kinetic study and analytical applications of the CPC micellar catalyzed reactions of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) with inorganic thioanions (sulfide, sulfite and thiosulfafte) using a fluoride-selective electrode is described. Reaction orders (unity for both FDNB and thioanion) and experimental stoichiometric reaction-rate constants were ca...
A continuous-flow chemiluminometric method for the determination of dihydralazine sulphate (2.00–30.0 μg ml−1), rifampicin (0.0200–1.00 μg ml−1) and rifamycin SV (0.00500–1.00 μg ml−1) is described. The solutions are allowed to stand for about 4 h in alkaline solution before measurement in order to degrade to chemiluminogenic products. The method i...
The automation of the discontinuous (batch) method for kinetic stucfies using flow-injection analysis (FIA) is described. Aliquots of the reaction mixture are automatically injected in an appropriate manifold and the kinetic profile of the reaction is obtained as a series of absorbance peaks. Observed reaction rate constants are calculated using th...
A flow-injection stopped-flow kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of hydrazines, hydrazides, amines and amino-acids, based on the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide catalysed reaction with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene is described. With the proposed method dihydralazine, isoniazid, levodopa and aspartame can be determined at concentr...
The displacement of fluoride from its aluminium complexes by the action of EDTA, citrate and other ligands is a relatively slow process which can be monitored potentiometrically with a fluoride ion-selective electrode. Some characteristics of these reactions are presented. There is evidence that [AlF](2+) reacts with the competitive ligand faster t...
A continuous flow method for the determination of thiamine hydrochloride (20.0-240.0 microgram ml(-1), 5.9 x 10(-5)-7.1 x 10(-4)m) is described. The sample was mixed with an excess of sodium hydroxide and remained in the delay coil for 20 min at 90 degrees C. The solution was then mixed with an excess of orthophosphoric acid and the hydrogen sulphi...
The development of automated stopped-flow spectrophotometric systems, their potential in automated routine determinations using kinetic and fast equilibrium techniques and several examples of applications are briefly reviewed. The use of a compact, inexpensive laboratory-made stopped-flow system for the measurement of reaction rates and a fast equi...
A novel procedure for the kinetic study of the acid hydrolysis of sucrose and lactose has been developed. The parameter observed is the rate of the reaction of periodate with quenched aliquots of the solution in which hydrolysis takes place. This rate measured with a periodate-selective electrode, and is expressed in terms of rate of increase in po...
A kinetic-potentiometric method is described for the determination of 24 primary and secondary amines, based on monitoring their reaction with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinirobenzene by using a fluoride-selective electrode at pH 9.0 and 25 °C. Initial-slope and fixed-time (60-180 s) methods were used to construct calibration graphs, in most cases in the range 1...
A rapid and precise continuous-flow method is described for the determination of acetaminophen (1.00–10.0 µg ml–1) based on the chemiluminescence produced by its reaction with cerium(IV) in acidic solution. When applied to tablets, the method is relatively free from interferences from common excipients and co-existing drugs. The results obtained fo...
A simple procedure for the determination of trace amounts of indium in sphalerites has been developed. the sample is dissolved by combined action of concentrated HC1 and HNO3. Indium is separated by ether extraction from a 4 M HBr solution. the organic phase is evaporated and the residue is dissolved in acetate-bromide ionic medium, where indium is...
Liquid-membrane and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-matrix ion-selective electrodes (ISE) that respond to the cationic forms of cimetidine and ranitidine are described. The ion-exchangers were the salts of cimetidine and ranitidine with tetrakis(m-chlorophenyl)borate dissolved in p-nitrocumene or entrapped in PVC polymer in the presence of 2-nitrophenyl o...
The preparation of an improved liquid-membrane periodate-selective electrode is described. The electrode exhibits rapid and near-Nernstian response in the range 2 × 10−6-10−2M. The electrode was used to monitor the course of the tartaric acid-periodate reaction. A potentiometric reaction rate method for the rapid and accurate determination of tarta...
The reaction between some α-hydroxyacids and periodate is promoted by trace amounts of iron(II) and induced by small amounts of hexacyanoferrate. Kinetic procedures have been developed for the determination of iron(II) in the 0.2- to 1.2-μg range with a relative error of about 1.4% and for the determination of glycolic, lactic, α-hydroxyisobutyric,...
Measurements made with a combination of glass and 3,5-dinitrosalicylate-selective membrane electrode in DNSHNa solutions varying in pH and ionic strength have been used to determine the second ionization constant of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid. Also the instability constant of the complex [DNSFe]+ has been determined by titrating known amounts of iro...
Over the last two decades a great deal of research effort has been invested in the field of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The purpose of this article is to review the work which has been done in the specific field of kinetic analysis with ISEs. The review is preceded by a brief description of the most important aspects of kinetic methods, the ma...
Liquid-membrane ion-selective electrodes that respond to the cationic forms of chlorpromazine, amitriptyline and meperidine and to the quaternary ammonium compound propantheline are described. The liquid ion exchangers used were the salts of chlorpromazine or amitriptyline with eosin and tetraphenylborate in p-nitrocumene, propantheline with tetrap...
An automated saccharogenic potentiometric method for serum or urinary α-amylase is described. Amylase is allowed to act on a buffered at pH 6.9 starch solution under controlled continuous-flow conditions and the reducing sugars produced are left to react with periodate. The consumption of periodate is monitored continuously with a newly constructed...
A dichromate-selective liquid-membrane electrode based on tetrapentylammonium dichromate dissolved in 2-nitrotoluene is described. The electrode exhibits rapid and linear response to the activity of Cr(VI) anions in the range 5 × 10−4–2 × 10.2 M dichromate; the slopes of the calibration graphs depend on the acidity. The electrode is useful for end-...
A kinetic method is described for the determination of thyroxine (0.4–4 μg ml−1), based on its catalytic effect on the reduction of cerium(IV) by arsenic(III). The reaction is monitored potentiometrically; the time required for a 20-mV change in potential is inversely proportional to the thyroxine concentration. The method is applicable to tablets.
An enzymatic fluorimetric method is described for the determination of chenodeoxycholic acid and its conjugates and of cholic acid and its conjugates in aqueous solutions and serum. The method is based on the oxidation of 7 α-hydroxy bile acids by β-NAD+ in the presence of 7 α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; the NADH produced is monitored fluorimetri...
An enzymatic fluorimetric method is described for the determination of total bile acids (cholic acid and deoxycholic acid), primary bile acids (cholic and chen acids and individual bile acids in serum without prior separation of the acids. Total and primary bile acids are determined by equilibrium procedures by conver of the 3α- and 7α-hydroxy bile...
The construction and analytical applications of an improved liquid-membrane electrode for salicylate are described. Tests of various combinations of symmetrical tetraalkylammonium salicylates and solvents showed that the best liquid ion-exchanger was tetraoctylammonium salicylate in p-nitrocumene. Electrode response is Nernstian down to 2 × 10−5 M....
The effect of various experimental parameters on the slope and the deviations from linearity of the S2 calibration graph for thiourea when the S2 excited species are generated on a m.e.c.a. cavity are studied. Previous explanations for the negative deviations at high concentration are investigated and the formation of stable sulphur allotrope is pr...
An indirect potentiometric method is described for the determination of sulphide in the range 0.3–300 μg (0.06–60 μg ml−1). A known excess of cadmium(II) is added to the sample and the unreacted cadmium ion is titrated with EDTA using a solid-state cadmium ion-selective electrode. The method is applied successfully for determinations of sulphide in...
The arginine electrode is based on a coupled enzymatic system consisting of arginase and urease with an ammonia gas sensor; conditions of immobilization are optimized. Arginine in the range 3 × 10−5–3 × 10−3 M gives a linear potential vs. log (concentration) plot with a response time of 5 min over the range specified. Several compounds structurally...
A potentiometric method has been developed for the semi-automatic direct titration of thiourea, thiosulfate, and ascorbic acid with potassium iodate in strongly acidic solutions using an iodide ion-selective electrode to monitor the reaction and locate the endpoint. The method is simple, fast, precise, and accurate. Amounts ranging from 0.15-1.5 mg...
A modification of the zinc-uranyl acetate spot test for the detection of small amounts (down to 0.1 μg) of sodium is described based on the intense fluorescence of the crystalline mixed sodium-zinc-uranyl acetate, under the incidence of uv light.
Potentiometric studies with the picrate ion-selective electrode indicate that the species formed as the product of reaction between alkaline picrate and creatinine in the Jaffé reaction is a 1:1 complex. Kinetic studies indicate that the forward reaction is first order with respect to picrate, creatinine, and hydroxide concentration. The second-ord...
Semiautomatic methods are described for the catalytic titrimetric determination of microamounts of silver and mercury(II) using a chloramine-T-selective electrode as monitor. The methods are based on the inhibitory effect of Ag(I) and Hg(II) on the iodide-catalyzed chloramine-T-arsenite and chloramine-T-H2O2 reactions. Microamounts of silver in the...
A continuous-flow method for the determination of reducing sugars in serum is described. The sample reacts with an excess of periodate in a flow system and the decrease in periodate activity is monitored with a periodate-sensitive flow-through electrode. The recorded potential peak heights are indirectly linearly related to the reducing sugar conce...
A new titration technique is described in which the end-point is determined by measuring the relative reaction rate of the titration reaction. This technique is adequate for rather slow reactions where conventional direct titrations are not applicable. The titrations are done automatically under microcomputer control. The efficiency of this techniq...
The N-acetyl-L-methionine electrode is based on a coupled enzymatic system consisting of acylase and L-amino acid oxidase with an ammonia gas sensor; conditions of imobilization are optimized. N-acetyl-L-methionine in the range 4×10–2×10M gives a linear potential vs. log(concentration) plot with a response time of 2–5 min over the range specified....
Ion selective electrodes were chosen for this lab over other types of analysis because they are easy to set up and can be used effectively to demonstrate the basic characteristics of ISE. Keywords (Audience): Upper-Division Undergraduate
Summary A semiautomatic potentiometric method is described for the catalytic determination of iodide in table salts, in the range 1–20 ppm I. It is based on the iodide-catalyzed Ce(IV)-As(III) reaction. Iodide is determined by adding a known excess of standard mercury(II) solution to the sample solution, and back-titrating the excess of mercury(II)...
A continuous-flow method for the determination of mixtures of reducing sugars and sucrose in natural and industrial products is described. The sample, before and after hydrolysis of sucrose, reacts with an excess of periodate in a flow system and the decrease in periodate activity is monitored with a periodate-sensitive flow-through electrode. The...
A simple method is described for the determination of certain alpha-aminohydroxy compounds, based on the potentiometric measurement of ammonia released after oxidation with an excess of periodate. Ammonia is measured directly in the reaction mixture, with an ammonia gas-sensing electrode. Ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, serine, threo...
A completely automated potentiometric method for the determination of creatinine in urine is described. Creatinine reacts with picrate in alkaline media (Jaffé reaction) in a flow system, and the decrease in picrate activity is continuously monitored with a picrateselective flow-through electrode. Creatinine in urine, in the range 0.5–3 g/liter, wa...
Simple potentiometric titrations are described for the determination of various organic cations (usually 5–25 μ mol) with 0.01 M sodium tetraphenylborate. A liquid-membrane electrode with tetrapentylammonium tetraphenyiborate dissolved in 4-nitro-m-xylene as liquid ion-exchanger is used successfully in the semi-automatic titration of quaternary amm...
A semi-automatic potentiometric method is described for the catalytic titrimetric determination ofg amounts of some aminopolycarboxylic acids. The method is based on their inhibitory effect on the copper(II)-catalyzed periodate-thiosulfate reaction. Amounts of EDTA in the 0.7–600g range (10–6–810–5
M), of DCTA in the 7–7000g range (10–6–10–3
M), of...
The error propagation in the double known addition method used with ion-selective electrodes is studied with a Monte Carlo simulation. Uncertainties associated with five experimental quantities, three potential readings and two concentration increments, expressed in terms of standard deviation and relative standard deviation are propagated affectin...
The hydrolysis of nicotinamide in alkaline solutions was studied. An ammonia gas-sensing electrode was used to follow the formation of ammonia. A technique making use of simulated reactions has been developed to calibrate the electrode under dynamic conditions overcoming problems arising because of the relatively slow response of the sensor. A gene...
Liquid-membrane electrodes sensitive to atropinium and novatropinium cations are described. The atropinium electrode exhibits rapid and near-Nernstian response in the 10-2–3 × 10-5 M range over the pH range 2–8.5; the novatropinium electrode shows near-Nernstian response in the 10-2–3 × 10-6 M range at pH 2–10. Other alkaloids interfere. Direct pot...
A simple potentiometric method with standard additions is described for the rapid determination of nicotine in tobacco products. A nicotine-sensitive electrode with a liquid membrane of nicotine hydrogen tetra(m-chlorophenyl)borate dissolved in o-nitrotoluene is used. The electrode exhibits near-Nernstian response to monoprotonated nicotine cation...
A 3,5-dinitrosalicylate (DNS)-selective electrode with a liquid membrane of either tetraphenyIphosphonium-DNSH dissolved in p-nitrocumene or dimethyldioctadecylammonium-DNSH dissolved in 1-decanol is described. The liquid membrane electrode exhibits rapid and near-Nemstian response to DNSH- activity from 10-2 to 10-5 M. The response is unaffected b...
The guanine electrode is based on guanase used with an ammonia gas-sensing membrane electrode; immobilization of the enzyme is optimized. Guanine in the range 10-4–10-2 M gives a linear potential vs. log(concentration) plot with a response time of 4–1.5 min over the range specified. Guanase (0.12–12 I.U. I-1) is determined in serum by adding guanin...
An automated potentiometric method for serum albumin determination by use of the picrate/albumin reaction is described. A continuous-flow system and a specially designed flow-through picrate ion electrode were used in making the measurements. Various factors affecting the reaction, such as pH, picrate ion concentration, and reaction time, were stud...
We describe a new kinetic method for potentiometric determination of creatinine in serum, based on the creatinine--picrate reaction in alkaline medium (Jaffé reaction). The reaction is monitored with a picrate-selective electrode, and the increase in electrode potential during 270 s is measured and related directly to the creatinine concentration....
Potentiometric methods are described for the determination of alkaloids, based on the formation of insoluble alkaloid picrate salts, using a picrate ion-selective indicating electrode. Micro-amounts of strychnine, papaverine, quinine and cocaine were determined by direct potentiometry and titrimetrically, using Gran plots, with average errors of ab...
A method is described for the determination of selenium, based on its catalytic effect on the picrate—sulfide reaction. The determination involves a variable-time kinetic procedure using potentiometric monitoring with a picrate-selective electrode and automatic measurement of the time required for the potential to change by a preselected amount (5....
A digital “sample-wash timer” unit was developed to control the timing functions of the Technicon Sampler II instead of the drop-in cams. The unit provides an independent selection of timing periods from 0.1 to 9.9 min for sample and wash cycles. Sampling rates from 3 to 300 s/h can be set with sample-to-wash ratios ranging from 1:99 to 99:1.
Methods have been developed for the semiautomatic potentiometric precipitation titration of iodide, hexacyanoferrate(II), sulfide, and sulfide-thiourea mixtures with silver nitrate, of medically important quaternary ammonium compounds with sodium picrate, and of picrate ions with tetraphenylarsonium chloride, using a picrate ion-selective electrode...
Two new liquid membrane electrodes which respond to creatininium and tetramethylammonium cations are described. The creatininium cation electrode exhibits rapid and near Nernstian response to creatininium cation activity, at pH 3, in the 10−10 mol/L range. The useful concentration range extends to 10 mol/L. The tetramethyl-ammonium cation electrode...
A semi-automatic potentiometric method is described for the direct titration of fluoride with lead(II) solutions in the presence of added chloride. Sulfate, chromate, molybdate, tungstate, oxalate, phosphate, pyrophosphate, and hexacyanoferrate(II) are titrated similarly in the presence of added chloride and fluoride. A fluoride-selective electrode...
Citric acid is determined in the 96–960-μg range with relative errors of about 1% by means of its iron(II)-induced reaction with perbromate. Each analysis takes about 8 min. Tartaric and lactic acids interfere.
A kinetic study of the iron(II)-induced perbromate-iodide reaction was carried out with an iodide ion selective electrode to monitor the course of the reaction. From the results, a mechanism for the reaction is deduced. An automatic reaction rate method for the determination of perbromate and iron(II), especially in the presence of 1,10-phenanthrol...
An automatic potentiometric reaction-rate method is described for the determination of formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine. The formaldehyde reacts with cyanide, and the reaction rate is followed with a cyanide-selective electrode. The time required for the reaction to consume a fixed amount of cyanide, and therefore for the potential to increa...
A kinetic study of the iron(II)-induced perbromate-lactic acid reaction was carried out with a perbromate-selective electrode to monitor the course of the reaction. Reaction rate and equilibrium constants are reported. A potentiometric method is described for the determination of 90–680 μg of lactic acid with relative errors and standard deviations...
A rapid, simple and sensitive method for the repetitive determination of amygdalin in human serum has been developed. The method is based on the β-gluco-sidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of amygdalin to glucose, which subsequently is oxidized in the presence of glucose-oxidase. The sample is injected into a continuously circulated reagent mixture and the...
A simple potentiometric method for the determination of nicotinamide is described. The sample is subjected to alkaline hydrolysis and the ammonia thus produced is determined with an ammonia gas-sensing electrode. Amounts of nicotinamide in the range 0.5–15 mg have been determined with an average error of about 1.7%. The method has been applied to t...
A kinetic study of the iron(II)-induced perbromate-tartaric acid reaction was carried out with a perbromate-selective electrode to monitor the course of the reaction. Reaction rate and equilibrium constants are reported. A potentiometric method is described for the determination of 80–420 μg of tartaric acid with relative errors and standard deviat...
Indirect potentiometric procedures with chloramine-T (CAT) as the oxidant and a chloramine-T ion-selective electrode are described for the determination of hydrazine and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) in the 1-100 mumole range and of sulphide and thiosulphate in the 0.5-50 mumole range. The reductants react stoichiometrically with a known...
A potentiometric method for the determination of reducing substances in urine is described. Samples are treated with Stanley—Benedict reagent and the unused copper(II) is determined with a copper(II)-selective electrode by the standard addition technique. Glucose in the range 25–200 μg in 0.1ml samples can be determined with an average error of abo...
Measurements made with a combination of glass and chloramine-T ion-selective membrane electrodes in acidified chloramine-T solutions varying in ionic strength have been used to determine the dissociation constant of N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide (chloramine-T acid). Experimental data agree satisfactorily with reported values.
Summary An automatic spectrophotometric kinetic method is described for the ultramicrodetermination of iridium, based on its accelerating effect on the periodate photodecomposition. The time required for the reaction to consume a fixed amount of periodate is measured automatically and related directly to the iridium concentration. Ultramicroamounts...
Automatic spectrophotometric kinetic methods are described for the microdetermination of manganese and osmium, based on their catalytic effect on the periodate—acetylacetone reaction, and for the determination of EDTA, on the basis of its inhibitory effect on the manganese-catalyzed periodate—acetylacetone reaction; the time required for the format...
A kinetic potentiometric method for the microdetermination of iodide, based on its catalytic effect on the chloramine-T-hydrogen peroxide reaction is described. The reaction is monitored with a chloramine-T selective electrode. The time required for the potential to change by a preselected amount (12.5 mV) is measured automatically and related dire...
A spectrophotometric kinetic method is described for the ultramicrodetermination of chromium (III) and osmium (VIII) based on their promoting and catalytic effect respectively on the periodate — arsenite reaction. For chromium(III) determination the decrease in absorbance within a fixed period of time is related directly to the chromium concentrati...
A perbromate- selective membrane electrode with a liquid membrane of crystal violet-perbromate dissolved in chlorobenzene is described, The liquid membrane electrode exhibits rapid and near Nernstian response to perbromate activity from 10 to 10 M. The response is unaffected by pH in the range 2–10, Major interferences are periodate and perchlorate...
A kinetic potentiometric method for the microdetermination of iodide and osmium based on their catalytic effect on the chloramine-T—arsenic(III) reaction is described. The reaction is monitored with a chloramine-T-selective electrode. The time required for the potential to change by a preselected amount is measured automatically and related directl...
A new kinetic method for the potentiometric determination of creatinine in urine based on the creatinine-picrate reaction in alkaline medium (Jaffé reaction) is described. The reaction is monitored with a picrate-selective electrode, and the increase in electrode potential within a fixed period of time (90 sec) is measured and related directly to t...
A chloramine-T (CAT) selective electrode with a liquid membrane of nickel batho-phenanthroline—chloramine-T dissolved in 2-nitro-p-cymene is described. The liquid membrane electrode exhibits rapid and near Nernstian response to chloramine-T activity from 10-1 to 10-4 M. The response is unaffected by pH in the range 5–9. Major interferences are peno...
Summary An automatic spectrophotometric reaction-rate method for the microdetermination of nickel(II) is described, based on its catalytic effect on the decomposition of permanganate in alkaline solution in the presence of acetodiphosphonic acid. The elapsed time for the production of a definite absorbance change is measured automatically and relat...
A kinetic method for the ultramicrodetermination of maganese, based on its catalytic effect on the periodate-acetylacetone reaction, is described. A perchlorate electrode is used as a periodate sensor to monitor the reaction. The time required for the potential to change by a preselected amount (10 mv) is measured automatically and related directly...
The iodate—hypophosphite reaction in strongly acidic solutions was studied spectrophotometrically. Reaction rate constants and the activation energy of the reaction are reported. A method for determining hypophosphite on the basis of this reaction is described. Hypophosphite in the range 0.06–4 mg (10-3–6·10-2 M) can be determined with a relative e...
A method has been developed for the semiautomatic potentiometric titration of thiourea with silver nitrate and of silver with thiourea, in the presence of picrate ions, using a picrate ion selective electrode. Thiourea in the range 15–1500μg and silver in the range 200–1800μg were determined with relative errors and relative standard deviation of a...
The iodate-ascorbic acid reaction in acidic solutions was studied. A Landolteffect for the formation of iodine in the msec range was measured. The rate constants k1 and k2 for the sequence of the reactions were determined using stopped-flow techniques. The order of the reaction with respect to each of the reactants was determined. k1 and k2 were fo...
The application of a miniature centrifugal analyzer to trace analysis by kinetic methods has been studied. A spectrophotometric reaction-rate method based on the potassium periodate—diethylaniline reaction which is catalyzed by manganese has been developed. Ultramicro amounts of manganese in the range 0.13–3.4 ng in 45 μl of sample were determined...
The reactions between periodate and carbohydrates are easily monitored with a perchlorate-selective electrode as a periodate sensor. The relative reaction rate constant of each carbohydrate compared to glucose is introduced as a new characteristic constant, the “periodate index”, which could be related to the molecular configuration. Since apprecia...
The perchlorate ion selective electrode has been used as a periodate sensor. The electrode gave near-Nernstian response from 10-1 to 10-5 M periodate, with a slope of 62-58 at pH 4.0 depending on the electrode age. lodate, the usual product in periodate organic reactions does not interfere with periodate determination. Response data prove that the...
The reactions between perlodate and α-amino alcohols are easily monitored using a perchlorate ion selective electrode as a periodate sensor. Several periodate-α-amino alcohol reactions have been studied and rate proportionality constants have been determined. It was found that manganese(II) ions catalyze strongly the periodate-triethanolamine react...
The perchlorate-seiective electrode, which also responds to periodate, is evaluated as an end-point sensor in catalytic titrations involving periodate indicator reactions. A semi-automatic method is described for the potentiometric catalytic determination of EDTA and several metal ions. The periodate—diethylaniline reaction serves as the indicator...
We describe an automated enzymatic reaction-rate method for spectrophotometric determination of lactate in serum with a miniature centrifugal analyzer. The L(+) -lactate is selectively oxidized in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) and NAD+ to form NADH, which is measured from its absorption. Reaction rates are determined automatic...
A semiautomatic potentiometric method is described for the catalytic titrimetric determination ofg amounts of palladium or gold. The method is based on the inhibitory effect of palladium and gold(III) ions on the iodide-catalyzed Ce(IV)-As(III) reaction, and is rapid, simple, accurate, precise and sensitive. The indicator reaction is monitored with...
Citations
... Since the analytical signal in kinetic methods of analysis is measured during the course of a reaction, in some cases these methods show certain advantages over conventional equilibrium methods [25]. Thus, kinetic methods of analysis are used for the determination of comparable analytes that react with a common reagent with small differences in their overall free energy and that use reactions with small equilibrium constants or slow reactions. ...
... 134 Further analysis methods are conductometry and potentiometry. 126,149 Structural assignments were achieved by Raman or infrared spectroscopy, and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 117−122 Modern analytical protocols were developed by Potthast and Waldvogel using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array (LC-PDA). ...
... Methods for EDTA analysis include polarography [67][68][69], differential pulse polarography (DPP) [70,71], potentiometry [72,73], one-drop square-wave polarography [74], differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) [75,76], differential pulse cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV) [77] and potentiometric stripping analysis (PSA) [78]. The details of the methods described in literature are presented in Table 3. ...
Reference: Analysis of EDTA and DTPA
... Colorimetric methods , based on reactions with a suitable reagent to form a colored compound, followed by photometric or fluorometric determination, are, also, in common use [13]. Alternatively, many electrochemical methods including differential pulse polarography [14], ion-sensitive electrodes [15], conductometric [16], potentiometric [17] [18] and amperometric biosensors [19] [20], have been developed and extensively reviewed for the direct determination of HCHO [21]. ...
... Due to the electroactive nature of NIC, some attempts have also been devoted to develop electrochemical methods for its determination. Several potentiometric methods providing simple design and operation were reported as first electrochemical procedures [21][22][23]. Concerning the use of voltammetric methods with bare electrodes, the major drawback in the determination of NIC arises from its slow electrode kinetics and reaction occurring at very positive (negative) potentials. Thus, the determination is limited by the usable potential range of the electrode material at its anodic end or by overlapping with hydrogen evolution in the cathodic region, often leading to poorly reproducible results. ...
... The reaction proceeds at room temperature and usually takes place under mild conditions. Periodate potentiometric sensors have been reported for determination of different compounds, namely dopamine (Montenegro & Sales, 2000), glycerol (Montenegro & Lima, 1993;Hartofylax & Efstathiou, 1985), 2,3-butanediol (Luca, Reis, Zagatto, & Montenegro, 1998), carbohydrates (Efstathiou & Hadjiioannou, 1977a), and metal ions (Efstathiou & Hadjiioannou, 1977b). The same principal could be applied to ascorbic acid determination, avoiding tedious sampling pre-treating procedures and enhancing the selectivity and quickness of the procedure. ...
... Considering the wide array of applications and effects, picric acid sensing has been a mainstream research in the past decades. Various practices such as chromatography [4], membrane electrode technique [5], and spectrophotometric techniques [6] have been investigated for sensitive and selective detection of picric acid. However, apart from spectrophotometry, other techniques have the drawbacks of real-time sample analysis, costly, and difficulty in handling. ...
... The possibility of using the IET model to describe the ISE response in such systems is demonstrated here by the example of an ISE reversible to salicylate ion. The latter, due to the intramolecular hydrogen bond, is rather hydrophobic, and so the corresponding electrodes have good selectivity and can be used even without the neutral carrier in the membrane [24][25][26][27] (log K Pot values are À 3.22; À 2.49; À 2.25; À 1.52 against Cl À , Br À , benzoate and sulfosalicylate respectively [28]. ...
... Potentiometric [21] and amperometric [22][23][24][25][26] creatine biosensors have also been reported; but, many substantial complications still to be solved such as sensitivity, selectivity, interference effect, reproducibility and sensor stability [27]. Moreover, almost equal concentration of ammonium ions and creatine in biological fluid makes it challenging to quantify creatine precisely by the potentiometric ammonia sensors [28,29]. Amperometric biosensors based on dissolved oxygen are often subtle to the oxygen concentration in the solution, hence always give less accurate results due to the fluctuation of oxygen concentrations [30]. ...
... Alvarez-Casta~ neda et al. Barcoding studies on Mexican plants have mainly focused on evaluating the effectiveness of different DNA regions as markers to distinguish species of seed plants ( Nicolalde-Morej on et al. 2011;Yesson et al. 2011), but several ongoing floristic studies are employing barcodes ( Cabrera et al. 2011;Hern andez-Esquivel et al. 2011). In the case of the medicinal plant species Galphimia glauca, barcodes revealed the existence of three possible species, each with a different chemical profile coincident with the genetic analyses, thus providing an important basis for quality control in therapeutic results ( Sharma et al. 2012). ...
Reference: DNA barcoding in Mexico: An introduction