Susan D Lauten’s research while affiliated with University of Tennessee at Knoxville and other places

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Publications (9)


Evaluation of Effects of Dietary n‐6 to n‐3 Fatty Acid Ratios on Leukotriene B Synthesis in Dog Skin and Neutrophils
  • Literature Review

June 2008

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264 Reads

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64 Citations

DANA M. VAUGHN

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GREGORY A. REINHART

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STEVEN F. SWAIM

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[...]

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BRENDA CONNER

Résumé— Les effets d'alimentations supplémentées avec des ratios croissants decides gras polyinsaturés n — 6/n — 3 sur la synthèse de leucotriènes B dans la peau du chien et les neutrophiles sont présentés. Trente chien Beagles ont reçu pendant 2 mois avec une alimentation ayant un ratio n —6/n —3 de 28:1. Des aliments expérimentaux contenant des ratios de 5:1, 10:1, 25:1, 50:1 et 100:1 (six chiens par groupe) ont été administrés ensuite pendant 12 semaines. A la fin des deux mois d'alimentation témoin et au bout de 6 et 12 semaines d'alimentation expérimentale, les concentrations de LTB4 et LTB5 dans la peau et les neutrophiles ont été déterminées. Les neutrophiles de chiens ayant mangé des aliments de ratio 5:1 et 10:1 ont synthétisé 30–33 pourcent moins de LTB4 ( P <0,05) et 370–500 pourcent plus de LTB5 ( P <0,05) à 6 et 12 semaines, mais le relargage d'anions superoxide était inchangé. La peau des chiens stimulée par un lipopolysaccharide a synthétisé 48 à 62 pourcent moins de LTB4 ( P < 0,05) et 48 à 79 pourcent moins de LTB5 ( P <0,05) à 12 semaines. [Vaughan, D. M., Reinhart, G. A., Swaim, S. F., Lauten, S. D., Garner, C. A., Boudreaux, M. K., Spano, J. S., Hoffman, C. E., Conner, B. Evaluation of effects of dietary n —6 to n — 3 fatty acid ratios on leukotriéne B synthesis in dog skin and neutrophils. (Evaluation de l'effet du ratio d'acides gras n — 6/n — 3 dans l'alimentation sur la synthèse de leucotriènes B dans la peau du chien et les neutrophiles). Resumen— Evaluamos los efectos producidos por el aumento en la proportion de ácidos grasos poli‐insatu‐rados n‐6 a n‐3 en la dieta sobre la sintesis de leucotrienos B en la piel del perro y en los neutrófilos. Se administró durante dos meses una dieta con una proporión 28:1 de ácidos grasos n‐6 a n‐3 a un grupo de treinta Beagles. Se administraron dietas experimentales con proporciones de 5:1, 10:1, 25:1, 50:1 y 100:1 durante 12 semanas (seis perros por grupo). Se cuantificaron los niveles de leucotrienos B 4 y B 5 en la piel y en los neutrófilos al final de los dos meses de dieta control y a las 6 y 12 semanas de la dieta‐tratamiento. Los neutrófilos de perros con dietas 5:1 y 10:1 sintetizaron 30 a 33% menos leucotrieno B 4 ( P < 0.05) y 370 a 500% más leucotrieno B 5 ( P <0.05) a las 6 y 12 semanas pero no alteraron la liberación de aniones superóxido durante la espiracion. La piel de perro estimulada con lipopolisacáridos sintetizó de 48 a 62% menos leucotrieno B 4 ( P < 0.05) y 48 a 79% más leucotrieno B 5 ( P < 0.05) a las 12 semanas. [Evaluation of effects of dietary n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acid ratios on leukotriene B synthesis in dog skin and neutrophils (Effecto de la proporción de ácidos grasos n‐6 a n‐3 en la dieta sobre la sintesis de leucotrienos B en la piel del perro y en los neutrófilos). Abstract— The effects of diets supplemented with increasing ratios of n‐6 to n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on leukotriene B synthesis in dog skin and neutrophils were evaluated. Thirty Beagles were conditioned for 2 months on a diet with an n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acid ratio of 28:1. Experimental diets, containing n‐6 to n‐3 ratios of 5:1, 10:1, 25:1, 50:1 and 100:1 (six dogs/group), were fed for 12 weeks. At the end of the 2 month control diet period, and again at 6 and 12 weeks of treatment feeding, leukotriene B 4 and leukotriene B 5 were quantitated in skin and neutrophils. Neutrophils from dogs fed the 5:1 and 10:1 diets synthesized 30–33 per cent less leukotriene B 4 ( P < 0.05) and 370–500 per cent greater leukotriene B 5 ( P < 0.05) at 6 and 12 weeks, but had no change in the release of superoxide anions during respiratory burst. Lipopolysaccharide‐stimu‐lated dog skin synthesized 48–62 per cent less leukotriene B 4 ( P < 0.05) and 48–79 per cent more leukotriene B 5 ( P <0.05) at 12 weeks.


Nutritional Risks to Large-Breed Dogs: From Weaning to the Geriatric Years

December 2006

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314 Reads

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29 Citations

Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice

Distinctive risk factors for disease are identifiable throughout life stages of large- and giant-breed dogs. From weaning to maturity, improper nutrition is linked to developmental skeletal diseases. As large dogs mature, skeletal diseases and obesity can lead to osteoarthritis. These dogs are difficult to manage when orthopedic or osteoarthritic disease affects mobility and quality of life, thereby increasing the risk of early death. Gastric dilatation and volvulus is another disease that is leading cause of death in large- and giant-breed dogs. Management of health, including proper nutrition, exercise, and weight control, provides the best opportunity for successful aging of large- and giant-breed dogs.


Figure 1. Surgically created wounds. L-lateral side; M-medial side; B-proximolateral wound; C-distolateral wound; A-dorsomedial wound. 
Figure 2 of 2
Effects of 3 biologic dressings on cutaneous wounds on the limbs of horses
  • Article
  • Full-text available

February 2004

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483 Reads

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56 Citations

Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire

Three biologic dressings [split-thickness allogeneic skin (STS)], allogeneic peritoneum (P), and xenogenic porcine small intestinal submucosa (PSIS)] were studied to determine their effects on bacterial proliferation, inflammatory reaction, vascularization, and overall healing and to compare the effects of these dressings with the effects of a nonbiologic dressing, a nonadherent synthetic pad (NASP). A medial wound (3 cm in diameter) and 2 lateral wounds (2 cm in diameter) were created at the junction of the proximal and middle thirds of each metacarpus and metatarsus in 5 horses. Each medial wound and the proximolateral wound received an STS, P, PSIS, or NASP dressing on day 8 after wounding. The other lateral wound received an NASP dressing. Bacterial proliferation, inflammatory reaction (histologic changes), and drhessing vascularization were evaluated 6 d after application of the dressing. Percentages of contraction and epithelialization, as well as healing time, were determined when the wounds had completely epithelialized. The practical applicability of the different dressings to equine wound management was also assessed. No significant difference was detected in the parameters evaluated among the treated wounds or between the treated and control wounds. The biologic dressings had no effect on infection, inflammatory response, or healing time. Vascularization was not identified in any of the biologic dressings. The PSIS and P dressings required numerous applications over the study period. The STS dressings are more practical than PSIS and P dressings owing to ease of application and stability. Thus, these biologic dressings offer no apparent advantage over a nonbiologic dressing for treatment of small granulating wounds.

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Influence of dietary calcium and phosphorus content in a fixed ratio on growth and development in Great Danes

August 2002

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452 Reads

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24 Citations

American Journal of Veterinary Research

To study the musculoskeletal development of Great Dane puppies fed various dietary concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in fixed ratio by use of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), determination of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 and parathyroid hormone concentrations, radiography, and blood chemistry analysis results. 32 purebred Great Dane puppies from 4 litters. At weaning, puppies were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 diets. Blood was collected for biochemical analyses and hormone assays, and radiography and DEXA were performed through 18 months of age. Changes in body weight, bone mineral content, fat tissue weight, lean mass, result of serum biochemical analyses, hormonal concentrations, and radius lengths were analyzed through 18 months of age. Bone mineral content of puppies correlated positively with Ca and P content of the diets fed. Significant differences between groups in bone mineral content, lean mass, and body fat were apparent early. The disparity among groups increased until 6 months of age and then declined until body composition was no longer different at 12 months of age. Accretion rates for skeletal mineral content, fat, and lean tissue differed from each other and by diet group. Ca and P concentrations in the diet of young Great Dane puppies are rapidly reflected in the bone mineral content of the puppies until 5 to 6 months of age, after which hormonal regulation adjusts absorption and excretion of these minerals. Appropriate Ca and P concentrations in diets are important in young puppies < 6 months of age.


In vivo whole body and appendicular bone mineral density in rats: A dual energy x-ray absorptiometry study

April 2002

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24 Reads

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8 Citations

Comparative Medicine

Bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole body and hind limb of young adult rats, with and without a sham-operated stifle joint was studied, using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at three time points. Data from the whole body scan were used for analyses of BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), fat, lean, body weight (BW), percentage of BMC (%BMC), percentage of fat (%fat), and percentage of lean (%lean), none of which were significantly different between the groups at any time point. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in BMD, BMC, %BMC, BW, fat, %fat, and %lean were apparent at the second and third scans, compared with the initial scan, within both groups. Changes in whole body BMD, BMC, and %BMC as well as BW were highly correlated with time in both groups. In the hind limb scans, regions of interest (ROIs) were created to obtain values of BMD and BMC from the whole femur, whole tibia including the fibula, distal portion of the femur, and proximal portion of the tibia. Significant differences were not found between the groups for any ROIs. However, significant BMD and BMC increases were evident in all ROIs at the second and third scans, compared with the initial scan. Similar to those in the whole body scan, BMD and BMC obtained from ROIs were highly correlated with time. The positioning technique for the whole body and appendicular scans was analyzed by calculating percentage of the coefficient of variation (%CV) at the beginning of the study. The %CV was low and acceptable in ROIs for the hind limb and for all parameters of the whole body scan, except fat. The results suggest that in vivo DEXA scanning of the rat whole body and appendicular skeleton is highly reproducible and useful to study the whole skeleton, as well as a region of a long bone of the rat. Values for the sham-operated rats were not significantly different from those for the untreated controls, which suggests that soft tissue damage around the stifle joint did not alter BMD in the subchondral bone of the distal portion of the femur and proximal portion of the tibia.


Use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for non invasive body composition measurements in clinically normal dogs

September 2001

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57 Reads

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78 Citations

American Journal of Veterinary Research

To determine quantitative values for components of body composition in clinically normal dogs of various breeds by use of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and validate the precision and accuracy of DEXA technology in dogs. 103 clinically normal sexually intact adult dogs. In a cross-sectional study, Beagles, Pembroke Welsh Corgis, Golden Retrievers, Great Danes, Pointers, Rottweilers, and nonpurebred dogs received total body DEXA scans. For the validation portion of the study, the results of DEXA scans of 6 dogs were compared with values obtained by chemical analyses of tissues from euthanatized dogs to determine the accuracy of this modality in dogs. Results (coefficient of variation) of the precision tests ranged from 0.10% for lean tissue to 5.19% for fat tissue, whereas accuracy tests revealed a difference between percentage bone mineral content and ash values. Body composition differed by sex, such as higher lean tissue and bone mineral content in males within some breeds, and among breeds. Regardless of body size or weight, the percentage of body weight that was bone mineral ranged from 3 to 4.0% [corrected]. Results of this cross-sectional study provide valuable body composition data for clinically normal adult dogs, which may have research and clinical applications.


Figure 1. 
Table 2 . Body composition at 45 days of age, using "Small Animal" software 
Table 5 . Body composition at 6 to 10 months of age, using "Small Animal" software 
Table 7 . Body composition at 2 to 5 years of age, using "Small Animal" software 
Body composition of growing and adult cats as measured by use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

May 2000

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605 Reads

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52 Citations

Comparative Medicine

Total body scans were performed on 89 domestic cats of various ages, using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to determine body composition, including fat, lean, and bone mineral content. Bone mineral density results from scans also are presented. This cross sectional study included data for cats from a closed colony and from privately owned cats. Data were grouped by age and were analyzed by sex and reproductive status to provide information as to the rate of growth of the individual components of body composition. The results indicate that the rate of accretion of bone mineral, fat, and lean tissue differs throughout maturation and by sex. Regressions are provided to highlight age- and sex-related differences. The results of this study emphasize the benefits of examining the growth of each component of body composition when studying the effects of nutrition, disease processes, or therapeutic interventions.


Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry measurement of body composition and skeletal development in great dane puppies fed diets differing in calcium and phosphorus

January 1997

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2 Reads

Thirty-nine Great Dane puppies from 5 litters were studied from 2 through 12 months of age Puppies were divided into three groups and fed diets identical in protein and fat (27% and 14% respectively), but differing in calcium and phosphorus. The diets consisted of 0.48% Ca: 0.4% P (Low) (n=12), 0.8% Ca: 0.67% P (Med) (n=12), or 2.7% Ca: 2.2% P (High) (n=15) Nursing pups were supplemented with specific diets as they began to wean at 5-6 weeks A Lunar, model DPX-L densitometer (DEXA) was used to evaluate dogs monthly until 8 months and bimonthly thereafter Lean body mass, fat tissue and body weight of puppies were nearly identical at 8 weeks, but dietary mineral differences were already reflected in bone mineral density (BMD), 0.4421 g/cm2 ± .0074, 0.4555 g/cm2 ± 0.0174 and 04819 g/cm2 ± 0.0276 for Low, Med and High groups respectively. Differences continued through 6 months, after which they diminished. BMD at 12 months was 0 9756 g/cm2 ± 0.0766, 1.046 g/cm2 ± 0.0648 and 1.0528 g/cm2 ± 0.0725 respectively. Mineral intake as early as 5 weeks of age is rapidly reflected in the BMD of developing puppies.

Citations (7)


... The finding of differences in concentrations of arachidonate, cholesterol, osbond acid, mead acid, sphingolipids, and glycerol-3-phosphate in plasma and/or fecal samples could be the direct result of the amount of nutrients that were ingested. Both arachidonate and osbond acid are omega-6 fatty acids which are important fatty acids that support skin and coat health; however, the ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid intake should be monitored as excessive omega-6 fatty acids could cause a rise in inflammatory responses 29,30 . Mead acid, an omega-9 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is usually a minor fatty acid in healthy individuals but could increase in concentration when essential fatty acids are deficient 31 . ...

Reference:

The effects of chicken hydrolyzed proteins in extruded diets on plasma and fecal metabolic profiles in adult dogs
Evaluation of Effects of Dietary n‐6 to n‐3 Fatty Acid Ratios on Leukotriene B Synthesis in Dog Skin and Neutrophils
  • Citing Article
  • June 2008

... To date, BMD has been investigated in healthy cats [29][30][31][32][33] and in cats with various diseases [34][35][36][37] but never in those with knee joint OA. The effects of BMD were evaluated in cases of feline mucopolysaccharidosis [35] and secondary hyperparathyroidism [36] using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA/DEXA), as well as in cases of chronic dietary acidification [34], secondary hyperparathyroidism [36], and osteogenesis imperfecta [37] using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). ...

Body composition of growing and adult cats as measured by use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

Comparative Medicine

... [9][10][11] Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) are additional measures obtained from DEXA scans. 1 Bone mineral content refers to the mass of bone, while BMD is the ratio of BMC to bone size, and may be considered a measure of areal density. 1 Bone loss can be identified through a reduction in BMC and/or BMD, and a low bone content in terms of total mass and/or density may be associated with a greater risk of bone fracture and bone disease. 12 Previous work investigating body composition changes with age has been limited in terms of their duration, sample size, and/or population diversity. ...

Use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for non invasive body composition measurements in clinically normal dogs
  • Citing Article
  • September 2001

American Journal of Veterinary Research

... The %CV observed in our present study for the whole body BMD of 15 female Sprague Dawley rats was 1.4%. This value was similar to the 1.4% reported by Karahan et al. (2002) using a DPX-L DXA model (Lunar Corp, Madison, Wisconsin) for the whole body BMD in 12 male Wistar rats (Karahan et al. 2002). It was also comparable to the %CV of 1.5% reported in 10 Wistar rats (5 male and 5 female) using Hologic QDR 1000®, software version 5.52 (Casez et al. 1994). ...

In vivo whole body and appendicular bone mineral density in rats: A dual energy x-ray absorptiometry study
  • Citing Article
  • April 2002

Comparative Medicine

... Additionally, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were administered during the first three days to effectively manage pain and edema, with only mild discomfort observed in the horses during dressing application in the initial post-surgical days. NSAIDs have similarly been employed in other studies on wound healing in horses [28,30,31], in which mild discomfort was also reported during dressing changes shortly after wound creation [32]. ...

Effects of 3 biologic dressings on cutaneous wounds on the limbs of horses

Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire

... NSH is well described in dogs [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Puppies of large-breed dogs are more susceptible to developing NSH due to an increased calcium requirement [5,[7][8][9][10]. ...

Nutritional Risks to Large-Breed Dogs: From Weaning to the Geriatric Years
  • Citing Article
  • December 2006

Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice