Sunarmi’s scientific contributions

Copyright and trademarks are aspects of intellectual property rights (IPR) with different protection concepts and objectives. Copyright aims to protect creations in the fields of art, literature, and science, whereas trademarks aim to protect distinguishing signs of goods and/or services marketed. This research aims to identify, examine, and analyse legal protection for photographers concerning portraits used in trademarks. This study employs normative legal research methods using statutory and case law approaches. The results indicate that legal protection for photographers is regulated in Article 1, Points 1 and 10, Articles 5, and 9 of Law No. 28 of 2014, and Article 21, paragraph (2), letter a of Law No. 20 of 2016. This protection encompasses moral rights and economic rights, which are granted automatically once the creation is expressed in a tangible form that can be seen, read, or heard. Thus, a portrait included in a trademark never loses its exclusive right as copyrighted material. Commercial use by other parties must be based on permission from the creator or copyright holder.

Objective: Globalization has a great influence on the legal system of a country, including the mining legal system. In Indonesia, Pancasila can be considered the legal basis and the source of all laws. This study aims to analyze Pancasila as a Source of Law to answer the Challenges of Globalization related to Mineral and Coal Mining Laws in Indonesia. Method: The research method used is doctrinal law. The Statute Approach examines all laws and regulations relating to legal matter. Data was collected by studying literature and conducting direct interviews with informants. Result: Generally, the legal development of mineral and coal mining in Indonesia is based on Pancasila. Mining activities must be distinct from foreign investment activities. Regarding investment, the principles of international foreign investment conventions are not under Pancasila. Conclusion: Pancasila, as the nation's basic philosophy, is open without the need to change its fundamental values to be maintained following existing developments. Thus, even though Pancasila may not be in harmony with the legal principles of international investment, as long as the executive, legislative and judicial institutions are based on Pancasila in carrying out their duties, then in the future other ideologies cannot influence Pancasila ideology.

Penyidikan tindak pidana kepabeanan dan cukai oleh Direktorat Jenderal Bea Cukai belum efektif memberikan efek jera bagi otak kejahatan kepabeanan cukai. Terbentuknya UU Nomor 8 tahun 2010 tentang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan TPPU diharapkan membawa perubahan dalam pemberantasan kejahatan kepabeanancukai. Dengan penyidikan TPPU dapat menemukan Beneficial Owner dan mengembalikan potensi keuangan negara melalui cara pemidanaan. Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini antara lain penyidikan tindak pidana kepabeanan cukai dalam sistem hukum di Indonesia, Perbandingan penyidikan murni kepabeanan dan cukai dengan Penyidikan TPPU eks kepabeanan dan cukai dan peran penyidikan TPPU dalam menemukan Beneficial Owner. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dilakukan dengan menelaah peraturan perundang-undangan terkait permasalahan penyidikan TPPU dan penyidikan kepabeanan cukai. Penelitian juga dilakukan dengan studi beberapa kasus penyidikan TPPU eks kepabeanan dan cukai nasional. Hasil penelitian didapati pengaturan tindak pidana kepabeanan dan cukai telah diatur pada UU Kepabeanan maupun UU Cukai dengan ketentuan umum mengacu kepada KUHP serta hukum acara mengacu kepada KUHAP dan kekhususan yang ada di masing masing UU kepabeanan dan UU cukai. Penyidikan Tindak Pidana Asal Kepabeanan dan Cukai selama tahun 2021 di Kanwil DJBC Sumut dilakukan sebanyak 20 kali dengan tersangka hampir keseluruhan adalah nakhoda ataupun pedagang kecil. Pidana denda yang dijatuhkan keseluruhannya disubsider dengan kurungan. Penyidikan TPPU eks kepabeanan dan Cukai secara nasional telah dicoba dilakukan sebanyak 8 (delapan) kali dan baru 1 putusan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap. Pada kasus TPPU, pidana denda dirampas dari harta benda tersangka dan tersangka kebanyakan adalah aktor intelektual dari kejahatan tersebut

This research focuses on Optimizing the Implementation of Hostage Taking (Gijzeling) as an Effort to Enforce Law in Tax Revenue (Case Study of Taxpayer Hostage Taking in Regional Office I of the Directorate General of Taxes, North Sumatra Province). The research method used in this study is normative legal research or doctrinal legal research. This research is descriptive with qualitative data analysis methods. The results of the study indicate that the hostage taking (Gijzeling) at the Regional Office I of the Directorate General of Taxes of North Sumatra Province has been carried out in accordance with statutory regulations, namely the Provision of Compensation in terms of Tax Collection by Warrant juncto Regulation of the Directorate General of Taxes Number PER-03/PJ/ 2018 concerning Amendment to the Decree of the Directorate General of Taxes Number KEP-218/PJ/2003 concerning Guidelines for Hostage Taking and Rehabilitation of the Reputation of Taxpayers Hostage. Tax bearers who have been taken as hostages have fully paid their tax debts which have resulted in increased tax revenues and coordination with related agencies so that hostage-taking (gijzeling) is an effort to enforce the law. in optimizing tax revenue can be implemented properly

Peredaran dan penyalahgunaan narkotika merupakan salah satu permasalahan nasional yang dipandang serius oleh pemerintah, karena dapat menyebabkan rusaknya moral bangsa, Pelaku tindak pidana narkotika tidak jarang mendapatkan hukuman berdasarkan putusan pengadilan yang kurang memenuhi rasa keadilan dan kepastian hukum. Pada kasus-kasus narkotika, terdapat beberapa pasal yang sering digunakan untuk menjerat pelaku ialah Pasal 114, Pasal 112, dan Pasal 127 Undang-undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika. Ketiga pasal tersebut, terdapat dua pasal yang multitafsir dan ketidak jelasan rumusan yaitu pada Pasal 112 dan Pasal 127 Undang-undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika. Pasal multitafsir tersebut akan mengakibatkan para pelaku kejahatan narkotika (pengedar) akan berlindung seolah-olah dia korban kejahatan narkotika. Bahwa hal tersebut akan berdampak pada penjatuhan hukuman dengan hukuman yang singkat sehingga menimbulkan ketidakadilan pada proses pelaksanaannya. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisa, mengidentifikasi formulasi dan perbedaan kualifikasi Pasal 112 dan Pasal 127 Ayat 1 huruf a Undang-undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika serta mengkaji dasar pertimbangan Hakim dalam menerapkan Pasal 112 dan Pasal 127 Ayat 1 huruf a Undang-undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika dalam Putusan Nomor 1023/Pid.Sus/2018/PN.Rap Nomor 762/Pid.Sus/2017/PN.Rap, dan Nomor 712/Pid.Sus/2017/PN.Rap. Kata kunci: Formulasi, Kualifikasi, Pengeder dan Penyalahguna Narkoba. Abstract Drug traffic and drug abuse are one of the main national and serious problem because they can mar the people's morality. However, the perpetrators of drug criminal offense are treated unfairly in court for justice and legal certainty. In the cases of narcotics, the articles imposed on the perpetrators are Article 114, , Article 112, and Article 127 of Law No. 35/2009 on Narcotics. Of the three Articles above, two of them (Article 112 and Article 127) have multi-interpretation and unclearness of formula about narcotics which can cause the perpetrators (drug dealers) to get the alibi as if he were the victim. That it will cause the sentence will be reduced so that there will be injustice in its implementation. The objective of the research is to analyze and to identify the formulation and the difference of the qualification of Article 112 and Article 127, paragraph 1 letter a of Law No. 35/2009 on Narcotics and analyzed the judges' consideration in implementing of these two Articles in the Verdicts Number 1023/Pd.Sus/2018/PN.Rap, Number 762/Pid.Sus/2017/PN.Rap, and Number 712/Pid.Sus/ Pid.Sus/2017/PN.Rap. Keywords: Drag Dealers and Abuser, Formulation, Qualification.

Abstrak Peranan Direksi sangat dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan penghasilan perusahaan sesuai tujuan dan maksud perusahaan. Sebagai organ Perusahaan, direksi dalam menjalankan tugasnya seringkali mengambil keputusan bisnis yang tidak sesuai dengan tugas dan fungsinya. Hal ini dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai pelanggaran yang dapat terjadi sebagai akibat dari adanya kelalaian dan/atau kesengajaan. Hal ini membawa dampak kepada pertanggungjawaban perdata direksi. Penerapan business judgment rule terhadap putusan Mahkamah Agung RI Nomor 915K/Pdt/2017 terhadap Direksi PT Pegadaian tidak dapat diterima sebab Direksi PT. Pegadaian tidak melaksanakan prinsip good corporate governance yang baik kepada pegawainya sehingga direksi PT Pegadaian wajib memberikan hak pegawainya atas pemutusan hubungan kerja dan melakukan pertanggungjawaban perdata dengan mengganti kerugian pegawainya. Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Surabaya Nomor 83/Pdt.G/2016/PN.Sby menjadi legitimasi terhadap penerapan business judgment rule terhadap Direksi PT Santos Sanjaya, dimana penerapan prinsip ini juga tidak dapat diterima oleh pemegang saham minoritas disebabkan Direksi telah melanggar prinsip kepercayaan (fiduciary duty) yang diberikan padanya dan tidak bertindak dengan hati-hati. Kata kunci: Direksi, Business Judgment Rule, Perusahaan, Pertanggungjawaban. Abstract Director plays a very necessary role to improve the company’s profit related to the company purpose and objective. As a company organ, a director might conduct decisions which is not in accordance with its task and function. It could be qualified as a violation which is possibly happen as a result of intentionality and/or negligence. It subsequently would lead the director to personal liability. The application of Business Judgment Rule to the Supreme Court of Indonesian Repubic Decision No. 915K / Pdt / 2017 against the Director of PT Pegadaian is unacceptable because he did not implement the Principles of Good Corporate Governance to his employees so that the Director of PT Pegadaian was obliged to give their employees right as the consequence of the unemployment and to perform civil liability by indemnifying their employees. The District Court of Surabaya Decision No. 83/Pdt.G/2016/PN. Sby became a legitimacy to the application of the Business Judgment Rule against the Director of PT Santos Sanjaya, where the application of this principle was also unaccepted by the minority shareholders because the Director violated the principle of trust (fiduciary duty) given to him and did not act with caution. Keywords: Director, Business Judgement Rule, Company, Liability.

Branchless Banking dalam penelitian ini akan berfokus pada layanan keuangan tanpa kantor dalam rangka keuangan inklusif (Laku Pandai) Versi OJK. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui hubungan hukum dan tanggung jawab BRI dan agen, perlindungan hukum terhadap agen dan nasabah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat deskriptif analitis. Data menggunakan data sekunder yang terdiri dari bahan hukum primer, sekunder dan tertier serta didukung oleh data primer. Tehnik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik studi pustaka dan studi lapangan dengan alat berupa pedoman wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan metode analisis data kualitatif. POJK No. 19/POJK.03/2014 telah memberikan perlindungan hukum terhadap nasabah branchless banking. Namun POJK tersebut belum efektif dinilai berdasarkan substansi hukum, struktur hukum, sarana dan prasarana serta budaya masyarakat yang belum mendukung. Praktik Laku Pandai di BRILink pada Bank BRI Unit Gebang Kabupaten Langkat menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat ataupun agen tidak mengetahui tentang perlindungan hukum yang mereka dapatkan melalui POJK tersebut, sehingga tidak pernah ada laporan yang diterima Otoritas Jasa Keuangan terkait keluhan nasabah atas layanan branchless banking. Kata Kunci: branchless banking, nasabah, keuangan inklusif , perlindungan hukum Abstract Branchless banking in this research will focusing for branchless banking of Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (Laku Pandai) from OJK. Purpose are for knowing about legal relations and responsibility of the parties, legal protection. This research using methods of normative law that are descriptive analytical. Data consist of secondary data consisting of primary, secondary and tetrtier legal materials and supported by secondary data. Data collection techniques using library study technique and field studies. Collected data is analyzed by qualitative data analysis methods. POJK No. 19/POJK.03/2014 about branchless banking for financial inclusion has provided legal protection for customers of branchless banking. But the POJK is not yet effective assessed based legal substance, legal structure, facilities and infrastructure as well as the culture of society that does not support. Research on practice branchless banking (Laku Pandai) of BRILink at BRI Unit Gebang, show that people or agents do not know about the legal protections they have through the POJK. So there is never a report received by the financial services authority regarding customer complaints of branchless banking services. Keywords: branchless banking, customer, financial inclusion, legal protection