Suhas Ballal’s research while affiliated with Jain University and other places

Inflammation is a complex, tightly regulated process involving biochemical and cellular reactions to harmful stimuli. Often termed “the internal fire”, it is crucial for protecting the body and facilitating tissue healing. While inflammation is essential for survival, chronic inflammation can be detrimental, leading to tissue damage and reduced survival. The innate immune system triggers inflammation, closely linked to the development of heart diseases, with significant consequences for individuals. Inflammation in arterial walls or the body substantially contributes to atherosclerotic disease progression, affecting the cardiovascular system. Altered lipoproteins increase the risk of excessive blood clotting, a hallmark of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its complications. Integrating inflammatory biomarkers with established risk assessment techniques can enhance our ability to identify at-risk individuals, assess their risk severity, and recommend appropriate CVD prevention strategies. Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle, are released by various cells and mediate cell communication locally and systemically. In the past decade, exosomes have been increasingly studied for their vital roles in health maintenance and disease processes. They can transport substances like non-coding RNAs, lipids, and proteins between cells, influencing immune responses and inflammation to elicit harmful or healing effects. This study focuses on the critical role of inflammation in heart disease progression and how non-coding RNAs in exosomes modulate the inflammatory process, either exacerbating or alleviating inflammation-related damage in the cardiovascular system.

A novel nanocomposite, MWCNTs-MNPs/Met-NiCl2, was successfully synthesized and characterized for its catalytic activity in alkoxycarbonylation reactions. The construction involved functionalizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) followed by the incorporation of a metal-NiCl2 complex. Comprehensive characterization techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, EDX, elemental mapping, TEM, SEM, EDX, ICP-OES, BET, TGA and VSM, confirmed the structural integrity, morphology, and magnetic properties of the catalyst. The catalytic efficiency of MWCNTs-MNPs/Met-NiCl2 was explored in the synthesis of O-aryl esters through the alkoxycarbonylation of aryl and heteroaryl iodides with Mo(CO)6 as a carbonyl source, and aryl or heteroaryl alcohols as nucleophiles. The reaction proceeded in an ionic liquid medium, [Bmim][PF6], under 100 °C with KHCO3 as the base, leading to excellent yields and selectivity. The catalyst exhibited high recyclability and stability, maintaining its efficiency over multiple reaction cycles. This approach presents a sustainable and efficient methodology for the synthesis of O-aryl esters, highlighting the potential of nanocomposite-based catalysts in organic transformations. Graphical Abstract

The rapid depletion of fossil fuels has raised significant concerns in energy sector. The excessive usage of coal and gas for energy production is polluting our environment and ecosystem which is an alarming situation. Therefore, it is essential to explore renewable resources for energy production to overcome this problem. Water splitting is one of the promising sources of renewable energy production. In water electrolysis, catalysts play an important role; in present work, BiFeO3/PANI is used as an electrocatalyst for OER. BiFeO3/PANI composite is a remarkable electrocatalyst for water splitting because of its stability and high catalytic activity. BiFeO3/PANI was fabricated via solvothermal processes, and its structural, morphological, and functional groups were identified by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. SEM results showed that the BiFeO3/PANI composite’s surface morphology was flakes that dispersed more evenly across the aggregated nanosheets. The EDS investigation of BiFeO3/PANI showed that the sample contained C, N, O, Bi, and Fe. To verify the thermal stability, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the BiFeO3/PANI was carried out at temperatures ranging from 25 to 700 °C. TGA technique confirms the thermal stability of composite. The enhanced surface area and higher conductivity of the composite indicate its efficient OER performance. The synthesized materials were tested for their electrochemical performances in an alkaline medium (KOH), and nanocomposite BiFeO3/PANI showed exceptional OER capabilities, like less overpotential (278 mV). In addition to facilitating electron transport, the electrocatalyst achieves a low Tafel value (37.83 mV s−1) and exhibits extended durability even after 2500 cycles. These results showed nanocomposite BiFeO3/PANI is the best electrocatalyst for OER.

Nowadays, single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) and single-atom catalysts (SACs) have flourished in the field of catalysis owing to their high catalytic performance and exceptional atom utilization efficiency, thereby enhancing biosensing capabilities. In comparison to natural enzymes, SAzymes offer several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, ease of production, and robust catalytic activity, making them highly promising for biosensing applications. Notably, SAzymes demonstrate superior catalytic efficiency and selectivity compared with traditional nanozymes. In this context, this review delineates the enzyme-like characteristics of SAzymes aimed at enhancing food safety, with a focus on the primary factors that influence their catalytic efficacy. The discussion has been expanded to include the use of SAzymes for screening various pesticide residues, particularly organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), carbamates, acetamiprid, pyrethroids, and other pesticide types, which are present in agricultural food products. These applications are realized because of the exceptional properties of single-atom structures, including enhanced reaction kinetics, high active site density, and tunable electronic properties. The integration of SAzymes into sensing platforms holds great potential for the development of cost-effective, sensitive, and reliable tools for the real-time monitoring of pesticide residues. Finally, this paper highlights the current challenges and outlines potential opportunities for the advancement of SAzyme-based biosensing technologies.

Background Diabetes is a major public health concern in India, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. With variations in disease burden across states, a detailed understanding of trends in incidence, prevalence, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) is essential for targeted interventions. Methods This study utilized Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data from 1990 to 2021 to examine trends in diabetes across Indian states. Age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs were analyzed using Join point regression to estimate Annual Percentage Change (APC). Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models were employed to project diabetes trends up to 2031.While the GBD data provide robust national and regional estimates, their modeled nature may not capture the full spectrum of local epidemiological variations. Results Diabetes incidence increased from 162.74 to 264.53 per 100,000 between 1990 and 2021, with an APC of 0.63%. Joinpoint analysis identified episodic surges in incidence, with APCs of 2.25% during 1996–1999 and 2.07% during 2005–2011, suggesting intervals of accelerated increase relative to the gradual progression typically observed in chronic conditions. Mortality rose from 23.09 to 31.12 per 100,000 (APC: 0.12%). Southern and Western states, such as Tamil Nadu and Goa, exhibited the highest prevalence and DALYs. Forecasted trends indicate that by 2031, the prevalence will reach 8585.45 per 100,000, and DALYs will exceed 1241.57 per 100,000. Conclusion The burden of diabetes in India has risen markedly over the past three decades. These findings underscore the urgent need for health policies that emphasize lifestyle modifications and improved healthcare access. A comprehensive approach that integrates primary prevention through community-based health education, dietary counseling, and initiatives to promote physical activity with secondary prevention measures such as systematic screening and timely clinical management, is essential for effective diabetes control and management in high-burden states.

Chitosan-based nanocomposites have emerged as promising platforms in hyperthermia-mediated cancer therapy due to their unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and functional versatility. This review highlights recent advances in the design and application of chitosan-functionalized nanoparticles (NPs), focusing on their role in enhancing targeted hyperthermic treatment. The integration of chitosan with various nanomaterials—including magnetic nanoparticles, carbon-based structures such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, and gold nanoparticles—offers distinct advantages in thermal conversion efficiency, tumor specificity, and drug delivery potential. Magnetic nanoparticles allow precise thermal ablation of cancer cells under an external magnetic field, while carbon-based materials provide superior thermal conductivity for efficient heat generation. Gold nanoparticles, when conjugated with chitosan, improve biocompatibility and enable surface modification for targeted therapy. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, challenges remain in terms of toxicity, long-term stability, regulatory approval, and scalable synthesis. This review critically examines these aspects and outlines future directions for optimizing chitosan-based nanocomposites toward clinical translation and commercial viability in cancer hyperthermia therapy. Graphical Abstract

The increasing need for sustainable energy solutions has prompted rigorous research into new materials with enhanced electrochemical characteristics. In this work, the chromium-molybdenum sulfide (CrMoS) and nickel cobalt metal-organic framework (NiCo-MOF) are synthesized using a hydrothermal technique. To enhance the electrochemical and observe the synergistic effect, the binary metallic sulfide (CrMoS) is combined with the NiCo-MOF. Besides, the activated carbon is synthesized from the date seed using the green synthesis method. By employing a three-electrode assembly, the CrMoS@NiCo-MOF nanomaterial electrode established a specific capacity (Qs) of 1297 C/g. An asymmetric device (CrMoS@NiCo-MOF//AC) is designed that showed a Qs of 274 C/g and an incredible energy density (Ed) of 60.8 Wh/kg at a power density (Pd) 1280 W/kg. The CrMoS@NiCo-MOF//AC demonstrated remarkable prolonged cyclic stability, holding 95% of its initial specific capacitance over 8000 cycles. Meanwhile, the hybrid device showed a coulombic efficiency of 93% after 8000 cycles with remarkable stability. The CrMoS@NiCo-MOF composite demonstrates promising catalytic performance for the HER, achieving a low Overpotential of 29 mV. The nanocomposite electrode also exhibited a Tafel slope of 31 mV/dec, underscoring its highly efficient reaction kinetics. Implementing nickel cobalt metal-organic framework and CrMoS electrodes, this research aims to develop a simple and efficient process for producing high-performance energy storage devices.

Circular RNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs with covalently closed loops. They have been revealed to regulate immune responses by affecting gene expression. Although initially considered splicing byproducts, new studies have indicated their role in transcriptional and post-transcriptional control, especially with TLRs. TLRs start inflammatory signaling and let the innate immune system recognize PAMPs. circRNAs interact context-dependently with TLR pathways to influence immune homeostasis and inflammation in either pathogenic or protective roles. In autoimmune diseases, dysregulated circRNA expression can aggravate immune responses and damage tissue. CircRNAs can interact with RNA-binding proteins, function as molecular sponges for miRNAs, and change inflammatory pathways like the NF-κB signaling cascade, influencing immune responses. They control adaptive immunity, function of antigen-presenting cells, and cytokine generation. The stability and presence of circRNAs in many body fluids make them therapeutic targets and biomarkers for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The several immune control roles of circRNA-TLR interactions are discussed in this review, as well as their consequences for immunologically mediated disease diagnosis and treatment.

This article addresses the pressing question of how advanced analytical tools, specifically artificial intelligence (AI)-driven sentiment analysis, can be effectively integrated into psychiatric care to enhance patient outcomes. Utilizing specific search phrases like “AI-driven sentiment analysis,” “psychiatric care,” and “patient outcomes,” a comprehensive survey of English-language publications from the years 2014–2024 was performed. This examination encompassed multiple databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and IEEE Xplore. Through a comprehensive analysis of qualitative case studies and quantitative metrics, the study uncovered that the implementation of sentiment analysis significantly improves clinicians’ ability to monitor and respond to patient emotions, leading to more tailored treatment plans and increased patient engagement. Key findings indicated that sentiment analysis improves early mood disorder detection, personalizes treatments, enhances patient-provider communication, and boosts treatment adherence, leading to better mental health outcomes. The significance of these findings lies in their potential to revolutionize psychiatric care by providing healthcare professionals with real-time insights into patient feelings and responses, thereby facilitating more proactive and empathetic care strategies. Furthermore, this study highlights the broader implications for healthcare systems, suggesting that the incorporation of sentiment analysis can lead to a paradigm shift in how mental health services are delivered, ultimately enhancing the efficacy and quality of care. By addressing barriers to new technology adoption and demonstrating its practical benefits, this research contributes vital knowledge to the ongoing discourse on optimizing healthcare delivery through innovative solutions in psychiatric settings.

Investigating effective nanomaterials for the detection of hydroxyurea anticancer drugs is essential for promoting human health and safeguarding environmental integrity. This research utilized first-principles estimations for examining the adhesion and electronic characteristics of hydroxyurea (HU) on both pristine and Si-decorated innovative two-dimensional boron nitride allotrope, known as Irida analogous (Ir-BNNS). Analyzing the adsorption energy revealed that the HU molecule has a significant interaction (Ead = −1.27 eV) with the Si@Ir-BNNS, whereas it has weak interaction P-Ir-BN. Moreover, the analysis of the electron density distributions was conducted to investigate the microcosmic interaction mechanism between HU and Ir-BNNS. The Si@Ir-BNNS was highly sensitive to HU due to the observable alterations in the electrical conductance and magnetism. At ambient temperature, the Si@Ir-BNNS had a recovery time of 5.96 ms towards HU molecules. The DFT estimations can be conducive to exploring the applications of Si@Ir-BNNS in effectively sensing HU.