Subhajit Pal’s scientific contributions

The advent of 3D bioprinting marks a pivotal moment in biomedical research and healthcare, unlocking a realm of possibilities. This abstract explores the transformative potential of 3D bioprinting technology, its diverse applications in medical domains, and the inherent challenges it faces. 3D bioprinting represents a revolutionary fusion of three-dimensional printing precision with the intricacies of biological materials. This groundbreaking technology revolutionizes the fabrication of intricate, customized structures by layering bioinks containing living cells, biomaterials, and growth factors. These engineered constructs faithfully replicate the complex architecture of native tissues and organs, presenting unprecedented opportunities for progress in regenerative medicine, drug testing, and disease modeling. The versatility of 3D bioprinting extends across various medical fields. In regenerative medicine, the ability to craft tissue grafts and organ substitutes tailored to individual patients has the potential to transform transplantation procedures, overcoming challenges like donor shortages and organ rejection. Additionally, pharmaceutical companies are employing 3D bioprinting to generate functional tissue models for drug testing, reducing reliance on animal testing and speeding up drug development processes. 3D bioprinting represents a transformative technology with the potential to advance healthcare through personalized regenerative solutions, ethical drug testing practices, and an improved understanding of diseases.However, the adoption of 3D bioprinting is not without its challenges. The intricacy of the bioprinting process necessitates a profound understanding of cellular biology, materials science, and engineering. Overcoming hurdles related to ensuring cell viability and functionality within printed structures is paramount, along with the imperative to scale up production for clinical applications. Ethical and regulatory considerations also emerge, particularly in the context of printing human tissues and organs.

The number of populations is increasing day by day. As populations no is being increased, the demand of food is also increasing simultaneously. Therefore, it’s easy to understand that no. of population growing is directly proportional to the demand of food. To increase the yield of food crops a large amount of chemical fertilizers is used every year. But certainly, these chemical fertilizers can cause long term damage to environment as well as on the bodies of those who will consume the grains also. In that case definitely we have to think some alternatives of chemical or artificial fertilizers. In addition, in spite of presence of sufficient amount of phosphate in soil, plant can’t get the access of phosphate as it forms complex with either inorganic metal ion or various organic compounds. On that note scientists and researchers have studied some microorganisms which can play very significant role in this critical situation. This microorganism live in rhizosphere region of plant and can increase soil fertility by solubilizing phosphate and also help in the development of plant. These are known as Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). This review discussed the different species of PSB, the mechanisms they follow to solubilize phosphate, their role in plant development. This research review also focuses on use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria for sustainable agricultural purpose.

Anthropogenic sources of toxic cadmium (Cd) have significantly risen during the past few decades. Currently several physical and chemical techniques are used in the Cd decontamination methods. But these techniques are expensive and even causes secondary pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate eco-friendly, effective, and affordable strategies that can eliminate the Cd threat from the environment. The biological methods are far suitable than other methods in recent years. A bunch of bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Aeromonas caviae) are able to tolerate this heavy metal. Cadmium tolarent bacteria (CdtB) are numerous and unrelated phylogenetically. They contain cadA and cadB gene systems which is responsible for their Cd-resistant capacity. The objective of this review is to demonstrate the importance, culturable diversity, metabolic purification mechanisms, and contemporary applications of CdtB bacteria in soil bioremediation processes.

Since last few decades, probiotics gained the attention of clinicians for their use in the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases. Probiotic bacteria play a critical and functional role in clinical and nutritional applications. In the last decades, a wide number of scientific works and studies shed light on the crucial role of probiotic microorganisms and their potential to cure various ailments and disorders based on the promising findings and results of different in vitro and in vivo investigations, suggesting a powerful connection flanked by these so-called probiotics and the human immuno-modulatory responses. The issues that were noticed are included: fibrocystic, diabetes, acne, colon cancer, cardiovascular, urinary tract infections, atopic eczema syndrome, food allergies and obesity. Probiotics main mechanisms of action include enhanced mucosal barrier function, direct antagonism with pathogens inhibition of bacterial adherence and invasion capacity, boosting of the immune system and regulation of the central nervous system. Enhancement in using drug treatment has led to the appearance of drug-resistance concern, thus probiotics can be a suitable choice. There is a mutual communication between the central nervous system and the liver, the so-called “microbiota-gut-liver axis” as well as a reciprocal communication between the intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system through the “microbiota-gut-brain axis”. This review focuses on the effect of probiotic bacteria and their metabolites on immune-boosting, prevention and treatment of these diseases.

Heavy metals (chromium, lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic) is a threat to environment. The chromium (Cr) is one of the lethal heavy metals which affects biological activities of living systems. The two most important form of Cr, Cr (III) and Cr (VI) are more stable in environment. The plant growth also effected by the high concentration of Cr (VI). The biological remediation is a eco-friendly and low cost remediation options of heavy metals. A bunch of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) can resist the toxic Cr and also able to carry their PGPB attributes. Recent studies have discussed the use of heavy metal resistant-PGPBs (Bacillus sp., Azospirillum sp.) to increase agricultural output without metal build-up in plant tissues. This review describes the mechanisms of Cr tolerant-PGPBs (which alleviate metal stress to plants) and its application in agriculture.

Water contamination is a never-ending perpetual trouble and ruefully its a result of urbanization, industrialization along with population expansion, and other ancillary factors. Environmental deterioration had always impacted negatively on both biotic and abiotic components. The major impact of it had serious consequences on one of the pivotal natural resource- water. In addition to the agony of water scarcity the lack of treatment of wastewater in third world countries causes challenges and thus reuse and recycling becomes the only way out of the predicament. The challenge however lies to create cost effective, simpler, user-friendly technologies that prevent endangering the significant water-dependent livelihoods while also protecting our priceless natural resource. The best technique apart from conventional chemical techniques is to take resort to green bioremediation involving mushrooms and recycle the waste therein. Mushrooms growing on natural materials such as wheat straw, rice straw, and other agricultural wastes are been used for a long time as a nutritional ingredient being laden with rich protein content. Mushroom are also seen to be an effective bioremediation tool of their usage in the removal of an array of contaminants. These are easy to cultivate and has the propensity specifically to store a lot of heavy metals and other harmful compounds. Oyster mushrooms has been reported to act as “scavengers” of the environment by digesting dead wood, rejuvenating the soil and providing minerals in usable form to the ecosystem. This review highly rests on the importance of oyster mushrooms where extracellular oxidative enzymes produced by the mushrooms can be used to degrade a wide range of notorious chemicals and substances that pollute the environment.