Steven Greenwald’s research while affiliated with New York State Psychiatric Institute and other places

What is this page?


This page lists works of an author who doesn't have a ResearchGate profile or hasn't added the works to their profile yet. It is automatically generated from public (personal) data to further our legitimate goal of comprehensive and accurate scientific recordkeeping. If you are this author and want this page removed, please let us know.

Publications (40)


Verbal Deficits and Disruptive Behavior Disorders among Children of Opiate-Dependent Parents
  • Article

July 2009

·

37 Reads

·

9 Citations

American Journal on Addictions

Jeffrey J Wilson

·

Edward V Nuñes

·

Steven Greenwald

·

Myrna Weissman

In order to explore the association between verbal deficits and disruptive behavior disorders among children of addicted parents, 283 6-17-year-old children and their opiate-dependent parents completed diagnostic interviews and standardized measures of vocabulary. Unexpectedly, racial differences in the scores confounded the exploration of the relationship between cognitive scores and disruptive behavior disorders. An interaction between disruptive behavior disorder and race is explored; among Caucasian youths, low verbal scores are associated with disruptive behavior disorders, but this association was not found among African- and Hispanic-American youths. Further analysis and research are needed to understand the clinical significance of relationships between verbal deficits and disruptive behavior disorders within racially diverse groups.


Rates of lifetime suicide attempt and rates of lifetime major depression in different ethnic groups in the United States

January 2005

·

203 Reads

·

126 Citations

Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica

MA Oquendo

·

D Lizardi

·

S Greenwald

·

[...]

·

Rates of major depression and suicide vary across ethnic groups within the US. This also may be true of suicide attempts. Data on lifetime suicidal behavior and major depression among Mexican American, Cuban American, and Puerto Rican adults who participated in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Epidemiologic Survey were pooled with Epidemiological Catchment Area Study data for Blacks, Whites and Hispanics. Rates of major depression ranged from 9.3 (Puerto Ricans) to 3.24% (Cuban Americans). Puerto Ricans and whites had the highest rates of depression. Similarly, suicide attempt rates ranged from 9.1% for Puerto Ricans to 1.9% for Cuban Americans. Puerto Ricans had higher suicide attempt rates compared with other groups. This study underscores that there are differences between Hispanic ethnic groups. The impact of the migration process, socioeconomic status, and acculturation may underlie differences in major depression and suicide attempt rates across ethnic groups.


Figure 1. Mean cortisol secretion for 24 hours, with sampling every hour, comparing children with major depressive disorder (MDD), children with anxiety disorders, and healthy control children. Age and gender were used as covariates.
Table 1 . Discrete Variables for Cortisol Secretion in Children with MDD, Children with Anxiety Disorders, and Healthy Control Children
Twenty-four-hour cortisol secretion in prepubertal children with anxiety or depressive disorders
  • Article
  • Full-text available

September 2004

·

745 Reads

·

91 Citations

Biological Psychiatry

Previous studies found few abnormalities in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in prepubertal children with anxiety or depressive disorders. In this study, we combined data from two independent, consecutive studies to achieve a larger sample size. Our goal was to identify potential alterations in the circadian pattern of cortisol secretion in anxious or depressed children. A total of 124 prepubertal subjects from two independent samples (76 with major depressive disorder, 31 with anxiety disorders, and 17 healthy control subjects) were studied. Blood samples collected for cortisol at hourly intervals over a 24-hour period were examined. Analyses were performed aligning cortisol samples by clock-time. Additional analyses aligning samples by sleep-onset time were performed with a subsample of subjects. In the combined sample, significant findings emerged that were previously undetected. Anxious children exhibited significantly lower nighttime cortisol levels and an initially sluggish rise in cortisol during the nighttime when compared with depressed and healthy control children. In contrast, depressed children did not show a clear-cut pattern of differences compared with healthy control children. Anxious children seem to exhibit an altered pattern of nighttime cortisol secretion, with an initially sluggish or delayed nocturnal rise before reaching similar peak levels of cortisol near the time of awakening. These findings suggest subtle alterations in HPA axis function in prepubertal children with anxiety disorders.

Download

The Columbia SuicideScreen: Validity and Reliability of a Screen for Youth Suicide and Depression

February 2004

·

604 Reads

·

249 Citations

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

This study reports on the psychometric properties of a brief, self-administered screening questionnaire, the Columbia Suicide Screen (CSS), intended to identify high school students at risk for suicide. Seventeen hundred twenty-nine 9th- to 12th-grade students completed the CSS and Beck Depression Inventory during school hours in 1991 to 1994. Three hundred fifty-six students who screened positively and 285, group matched on age, gender, and ethnicity, who screened negatively were examined on the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC), version 2.3, to assess validity. The DISC-based suicide risk criterion was suicidal ideation or prior suicide attempt and a DSM-III-R diagnosis of major depression or dysthymia or substance use. Test-retest reliability was assessed in a subsample of 85. The most balanced algorithm had a sensitivity of 0.75, specificity 0.83, and positive predictive value 16%. Suicidal ideation and prior attempt item reliabilities (kappa) were 0.48 and 0.58, respectively. Eight-day test-retest reliability for the most balanced scoring algorithm was 0.32. The CSS demonstrated good sensitivity and reasonable specificity identifying students at risk for suicide. A second-stage evaluation would be needed to reduce the burden of low specificity.


Treatment of depressed mothers of depressed children: Pilot study of feasibility

January 2004

·

38 Reads

·

39 Citations

Numerous studies have shown that depression is highly familial and impairing and that a history of depression in a parent is the strongest risk factor for depression in a child. Many of the parents in these studies have never received sustained treatment despite histories of recurrent depression. None of the studies have examined the effects of maternal symptom remission on offspring symptom or functioning. We sought to determine the feasibility of treating depressed mothers who brought an offspring for the treatment of depression and to examine the relationship between improved maternal depression and symptomatic improvement and social functioning in their offspring. Nine mothers bringing their offspring for treatment of depression, and who were evaluated and found to be currently depressed, completed a 12-week open trial of interpersonal psychotherapy. Mothers and their depressed offspring were assessed by independent evaluators at weeks 0, 6, and 12 for depressive symptomatology and social functioning. Although the rates of depression were high among the mothers, few eligible mothers agreed to participate. Of the 12 who entered treatment, 9 (75%) completed it. Mothers and offspring improved with regard to depressive symptomatology and global functioning over the course of the trial. Improvement in maternal depression was significantly associated with improvement in offspring functioning but not symptom reduction. Improvement of maternal depression may be associated with improved outcomes in depressed offspring. However, it is difficult to engage depressed mothers in treatment for themselves if they come to the clinic to bring their child for treatment of depression. It may be more feasible to study the effect of improved maternal depression on offspring by sampling depressed mothers coming for their own treatment and then assessing their children over the course of maternal treatment.


Differentiating Depressed Adolescent 24 h Cortisol Secretion in Light of Their Adult Clinical Outcome

August 2003

·

111 Reads

·

66 Citations

Neuropsychopharmacology: official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

A clinical follow-up study was performed of adolescent major depressives and normal control subjects approximately 10 years after the subjects had undergone serial cortisol measurements over a 24-h period. In light of their young adulthood clinical status, our objective was to ascertain whether there were any premorbid cortisol abnormalities associated with depressive course of illness. In all, 77 young adults who had received a diagnosis of adolescent major depressive disorder, or were determined to be normal volunteers free of psychiatric diagnosis at index period and during follow-up, were studied. When subjects were adolescents, blood samples were collected for cortisol at 20-min intervals during the 24-h period coinciding with the third consecutive night of sleep EEG. The subjects, in young adulthood at the time of follow-up, were reinterviewed regarding longitudinal course of illness, and the original adolescent cortisol data were analyzed in the light of information obtained. Of the subjects who had experienced at least one lifetime major depressive episode during the follow-up period, the subgroup who would go on to make suicide attempts during the follow-up period secreted significantly greater levels of cortisol in the 4, 6, and 12 h prior to sleep onset. Conversely, this same subgroup exhibited reduced cortisol levels 2-4 h following sleep onset. Adolescents who are at risk to make suicide attempts appear to display significant elevations of cortisol prior to sleep onset, a time when the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is normally most quiescent. Dysregulation of the HPA axis, combined with dysfunction of sleep-onset mechanisms previously reported in this same cohort, might serve as premorbid biological substrates that predict suicide attempts during follow-up.


Maternal Antisocial Behavior, Parenting Practices, and Behavior Problems in Boys at Risk for Antisocial Behavior

March 2003

·

114 Reads

·

71 Citations

We investigated the independent contributions of maternal history of antisocial behavior and parenting practices to the worsening course of sons' behavior problems in a sample of young urban boys at risk for antisocial behavior. Mothers reported on boys' behavior problems at baseline and one year later, as well as on their own history of antisocial behavior before and after age 15, and of lifetime depression and substance use disorders (provisional DSM-III-R diagnoses). Baseline reports of parenting practices were obtained. Lower involvement, lower monitoring, and higher levels of parent–child conflict and maternal Conduct Disorder (CD) before age 15 contributed to the worsening of boys' behavior problems one year later; mothers' symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder after age 15 did not. Mothers' lifetime history of Major Depression and Substance Use Disorder did not add to the worsening of boys' behavior problems after accounting for these other factors. Although maternal CD contributed directly to the worsening of boys' behavior problems, the effect of parenting was more substantial. We discuss clinical implications for prevention and treatment of children's antisocial behavior, and intergenerational implications of girls' early antisocial behavior.


Adult religiousness and history of childhood depression: Eleven-year follow-up study

March 2002

·

62 Reads

·

18 Citations

The Journal of nervous and mental disease

This study investigates the association between childhood depression and the protective qualities of adult religiousness. Subjects were 146 (65 female and 81 male) adults with a history of childhood depression and 123 (61 female and 62 male) adults without a history of childhood depression interviewed as part of a long-term follow-up study (mean years of follow-up, 11.2; SD = 1.4). Depression in childhood and adulthood was assessed by blind and independent clinical interviews by using the Schedule for Affective Disorders for School Aged Children and the Schedule for Affective Disorders Life-time Version, respectively. Religiousness was assessed by report on the personal importance of religion, frequency of attendance of religious services, religious denomination, and child-adult concordance of report. Findings showed adult personal importance of religion to be associated with a decreased risk for depression in women without a history of childhood depression but an increased risk for depression in women with a history of childhood depression. Adult Catholicism as compared with Protestantism was associated with a decreased risk for depression in male childhood depressives, but this association was not found in men without childhood depression. The findings potentially suggest a reciprocal-influence process between childhood pathology and the development of religiousness.


The association between head injuries and psychiatric disorders: Findings from the New Haven NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study

December 2001

·

1,392 Reads

·

430 Citations

To determine the association of report of any history of head injury with loss of consciousness or confusion and a lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorder in a general population. A probability sample of adults from the New Haven portion of the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area programme were administered standardized and validated structured interviews. The main outcome measures were lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders and suicide attempt in individuals with and without a history of traumatic brain injury. Among 5034 individuals interviewed, 361 admitted to a history of severe brain trauma with loss of consciousness or confusion (weighted rate of 8.5/100). When controlling for sociodemographic factors, quality of life indicators and alcohol use, risk was increased for major depression, dysthymia, panic disorder, OCD, phobic disorder and drug abuse/dependence. In addition, lifetime risk of suicide attempt was greater in those who had suffered head injury. Individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury have significantly higher occurrence for psychiatric disorders and suicide attempts in comparison with those without head injury and have a poorer quality of life. Future studies should examine the nature of this relationship, focusing on the severity of the brain injury and the temporal contiguity of the brain injury and psychiatric disorder.


TABLE 1 . One-Year Prevalence of Major Depression Among Five U.S. Ethnic Groups 
TABLE 5 . One-Year Prevalence of Major Depression for Men in Five U.S. Ethnic Groups With Three Sociodemographic Char- acteristics Associated With Suicide a 
Ethnic and Sex Differences in Suicide Rates Relative to Major Depression in the United States

November 2001

·

1,266 Reads

·

253 Citations

American Journal of Psychiatry

Suicide rates differ between ethnic groups in the United States. Since suicide is commonly associated with a mood disorder, the authors compared suicide rates relative to depression rates in five ethnic groups in the United States. Rates of major depression were generated from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study and the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Epidemiologic Survey. Sociodemographic effects were determined by examining depression rates for respondents who were separated or divorced, earning low incomes, or not working for pay. The survey data were analyzed with age and sex standardization to generate 1-year prevalence rates of major depression. The depression rates of the different ethnic groups were compared and were examined in relation to suicide rates. The 1-year prevalence rates of major depression were 3.6% for whites, 3.5% for blacks, 2.8% for Mexican Americans, 2.5% for Cuban Americans, and 6.9% for Puerto Ricans. Compared to the rate for whites, the rate of depression was significantly higher in Puerto Ricans and significantly lower in Mexican Americans. Relative to the depression rates, the annual suicide rates were higher for males than for females. Mexican American and Puerto Rican males had lower relative suicide rates than white males. Identifying reasons for differences in suicide rates relative to depression among ethnic groups and between males and females may suggest interventions to reduce suicide rates. Some possibilities are that depression differs in form or severity or that unidentified factors protect against suicide in different subgroups.


Citations (40)


... Adolescent depression is one of the leading mental health problems in the world (World Health Organization 2010), with costs for care running as high as $19 billion in the United States (Rice et al. 1990). Extensive research has identified the detrimental effects of youth depression on later adverse psychosocial outcomes, including increased risk for major depression, anxiety, substance and alcohol use, attempted suicide, poor academic performance, unemployment and risky sexual behaviors (Brooks et al. 2002;Weissman et al. 1999). ...

Reference:

Culturally Specific Parent Mental Distress, Parent–Child Relations and Youth Depression among Korean American Families
Depressed adolescents grow up
  • Citing Article
  • January 1999

... The diagnosis of OCD usually occurs in adulthood, but numerous studies have shown how OCD develops starting from childhood and adolescence [25,26]. Although most clinical studies on OCD have concentrated on full-blown presentations, studies have shown that OCD can also manifest in a milder subsyndromal form, as with many other psychiatric disorders [27,28] that seem particularly frequent among specific groups of individuals, such as patients with ASD [23,27,[29][30][31][32][33][34]. In this context, the link between ASD and OCD has been vastly investigated and documented. ...

Uncomplicated and Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in an Epidemiologic Sample
  • Citing Article
  • May 1998

CNS spectrums

... ThisIn a women sample: 7% point prevalence of ''any anxiety disorder'':25.8% in males 47.1% in females Anxiety was found to be more prevalent in women than in men battery of tests was complemented by a clinical interview conducted by a senior psychiatrist based on DSM-III criteria. Two cross-national studies were conducted on a randomly sampled population representing four different areas of Lebanon (see Footnote 1) differentially exposed to war (Weissman et al., 1995Weissman et al., , 1997), the 1 month, 6 months and lifetime prevalence of panic disorder were 1.4%, 2.1% and 2.1%, respectively. These studies used the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-version 3) which is based on the DSM-III criteria. ...

Current Rates and Symptom Profiles of Panic Disorder in Six Cross-National Studies
  • Citing Article
  • January 1995

Clinical Neuropharmacology

... Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been shown to affect between 0.5 and 3.0% of children and adolescents (Canals et al., 2012;Rapoport et al., 2000). OCD is characterized by the presence of recurrent and persistent obsessions in the form of intrusive and unwanted thoughts, urges, or images, along with compulsions, which are repetitive behaviors (including mental acts) to avoid, reduce, or escape those experiences (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). ...

Childhood Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder in the NIMH MECA Study
  • Citing Article
  • November 2000

Journal of Anxiety Disorders

... All other things being the same, stress may also interchange pleasant, aversive, or neutral valuation based upon the memorized or perceived contextual factors (Elman et al., 2023). Accordingly, successful coping with a stressful situation may be perceived as pleasant, rewarding, and educational echoing the commonly accepted psychological notion that active avoidance of punishment is reinforcing (Gross, 2006) and evidenced in a variety of stress-seeking behaviors such as roller coasters, automobile racing, skydiving and horror movies (Elman and Borsook, 2019). In essence, stress is a highly individualized experience that everybody understands its meaning but experiences it in a unique way. ...

The Changing Rate of Major DepressionCross-National Comparisons

JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association

... Less research has examined the effects of maternal antisocial behavior on children, perhaps related to the lower prevalence of antisocial behavior in women. Ehrensaft et al. (2003) found that maternal conduct problems contributed to the worsening of boys' behavior problems, but not as much as parenting behaviors. If surrounded by parental antisocial behavior, it is easy to imagine how emerging adults may not have learned appropriate ways of behaving, which could lead to maladaptive or antisocial behaviors. ...

Maternal Antisocial Behavior, Parenting Practices, and Behavior Problems in Boys at Risk for Antisocial Behavior
  • Citing Article
  • March 2003

... Depression has been reported as the most common "symptom" of suicide in adolescents and is highly prevalent among persons with suicidal ideations and attempts (Shaffer et al. 1996;Gould 1998), which is consistent with the nding from this study which showed a signi cant association between depression and suicidal behavior. Alongside other mental health conditions like anxiety and stress, depression has been found to have the most contribution and a major predictor of suicidal behavior among children and adolescents (Gledhill and ...

Psychopathology Associated With Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Among Children and Adolescents
  • Citing Article
  • October 1998

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry

... In ER visits, membership in the Ashkenazi Jewish identity-bydescent cluster was significantly associated with major depression as the primary diagnosis (OR = 2.29, 95% CI: (1.32, 3.98), q value = 4.86 × 10 −2 ) (Extended Data Fig. 8c). Although these results were consistent with previous reports of mental health conditions in European Jewish communities [38][39][40] , we emphasize that this association does not indicate a causal relationship between identity-by-descent cluster membership and these disorders. ...

Jewish Americans and mental health: results of the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study
  • Citing Article
  • December 1992

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

... Gerner et al., 1980;Nair et al., 1995;Reynolds et al., 1999a). Seven RCTs presented response rates as defined above (≥50% decrease on HAM-D or MADRS (n = 3) or a CGI score of 1 or 2 (n = 4)) and could be entered into a meta-analysis (Georgotas et al., 1986;Katz et al., 1990;Merideth et al., 1984;Nair et al., 1995;Schweizer et al., 1998;Wakelin, 1986;Weissman et al., 1992). The difference is statistically significant (OR (fixed) 2.63, 95% CI 1.52-4.55) ...

A Double-Blind Clinical Trial of Alprazolam,: Imipramine, or Placebo in the Depressed Elderly
  • Citing Article
  • July 1992

Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology

... Cơn hoảng loạn là hiện tượng tâm thần phổ biến ở bệnh nhân có rối loạn lo âu, trầm cảm, và rối loạn hoảng loạn, gây sợ hãi, bất an dữ dội, ảnh hưởng đến chức năng xã hội và chất lượng cuộc sống. 1 Bác sĩ thường loại trừ các bệnh thực thể trước khi xem xét nguyên nhân tâm thần, nhưng nhiều bệnh nhân vẫn tiếp tục khám nhiều lần, gây tốn kém và chậm trễ trong điều trị. 2 Theo Sổ tay Chẩn đoán và Thống kê về Rối loạn Tâm Thần (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder -DSM-5 TR) 1 , cơn hoảng loạn là giai đoạn mà bệnh nhân sợ hãi hoặc khó chịu dữ dội, đạt đỉnh điểm trong vài phút với ít nhất 4 trong 13 triệu chứng: hồi hộp, tim đập mạnh hoặc nhịp tim tăng nhanh, đổ mồ hôi, run rẩy, khó thở, cảm giác nghẹt thở hoặc ngột ngạt, đau hoặc khó chịu ở ngực, buồn nôn hoặc đau bụng, cảm thấy chóng mặt, loạng choạng/choáng váng hoặc ngất xỉu, ớn lạnh hoặc cảm giác nóng, dị cảm (tê hoặc ngứa ran), tri giác sai thực tại (derealisation -cảm giác tách ra khỏi thực tế) hoặc giải thể nhân cách (depersonalisation -tách rời khỏi chính bản thân mình), sợ mất kiểm soát hoặc "phát điên", sợ chết. Bên cạnh đó, rối loạn hoảng loạn là một chẩn đoán rối loạn tâm thần khi trong vòng một tháng bệnh nhân có cơn hoảng loạn sau cơn đầu tiên hoặc luôn lo nghĩ hoặc tránh né các tình huống mà họ nghĩ có thể khởi phát cơn hoảng loạn. ...

Panic Attacks in the Community: Social Morbidity and Health Care Utilization
  • Citing Article
  • March 1991

JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association