Steven G. Rivkin's research while affiliated with University of Illinois at Chicago and other places
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Publications (68)
Chile implemented a targeted voucher program in 2008 that increased funding for disadvantaged students at public and participating private schools by approximately 50%. This reform would be expected to raise average achievement in participating schools and reduce the SES-based achievement gap, and disadvantaged students did make fourth grade test s...
Studies of the charter sector typically compare charters and traditional public schools at a point in time. These comparisons are potentially misleading, because many charter‐related reforms require time to generate results. We study quality dynamics among charter schools in the State of Texas from 2001 to 2011. School quality in the charter sector...
It is widely believed that teacher turnover adversely affects the quality of instruction in urban schools serving predominantly disadvantaged children, and a growing body of research investigates various components of turnover effects. The evidence at first seems contradictory, as the quality of instruction appears to decline following turnover des...
In response to widespread dissatisfaction with the schools, the 1988 Chicago School Reform Act decentralized school governance by forming elected local school councils (LSCs) responsible for principal hiring, evaluation, and contract renewal as well as other management functions. Subsequent legislation outlined circumstances in which the district c...
It seems likely the magnitude of any causal link between achievement and instruction time depends upon the quality of instruction, the classroom environment and the rate that students translate classroom time into added knowledge. In this article, we use panel data methods to investigate instruction time effects in the 2009 Programme for Internatio...
Prior research suggests that the benefits from smaller classes may vary along multiple dimensions. In this paper we develop a flexible model of education production that incorporates the classroom-level time lost to disruption and the rate of learning during productive time as a function of teacher quality and individual propensity to acquire knowl...
Although much has been written about the importance of leadership in the determination of organizational success, there is little quantitative evidence due to the difficulty of separating the impact of leaders from other organizational components – particularly in the public sector. Schools provide an especially rich environment for studying the im...
It has become commonplace to measure teacher quality in terms of teacher value-added. Operationally, this means evaluating teachers according to the learning gains of students on various achievement tests. Existing research consistently shows large variations in teacher effectiveness, much of which is within schools as opposed to between schools. T...
The main effects of No Child Left Behind on the quality of teaching are likely to come through two provisions of the act. First, NCLB establishes benchmarks based on test score pass rates that schools must meet in order to remain in good standing and avoid sanctions. Since teachers are central to student performance, this accountability component o...
This paper reviews some of the econometric methods that have been used in the economics of education. The focus is on understanding how the assumptions made to justify and implement such methods relate to the underlying economic model and the interpretation of the results. We start by considering the estimation of the returns to education both with...
The extensive investigation of the contribution of teachers to student achievement produces two generally accepted results. First, there is sub stantial variation in teacher quality as measured by the value added to achievement or future aca demic attainment or earnings. Second, variables often used to determine entry into the profession and salari...
Extensive education research on the contribution of teachers to student achievement produces two generally accepted results. First, teacher quality varies substantially as measured by the value added to student achievement or future academic attainment or earnings. Second, variables often used to determine entry into the profession and salaries--in...
With few exceptions, empirical research investigating the possibility of heterogeneous benefits of class size reduction lacks a conceptual framework about specific dimensions of potential heterogeneity. In this paper we develop a model of education production that incorporates disruption and student achievement and illustrates how these underlying...
Search theory suggests that early career job changes on balance lead to better matches that benefit both workers and firms, but this may not hold in teacher labor markets characterized by salary rigidities, barriers to entry, and substantial differences in working conditions that are difficult for institutions to alter. Of particular concern to edu...
This paper investigates the effects of California’s billion-dollar class-size-reduction program on student achievement. It uses year-to-year differences in class size generated by variation in enrollment and the state’s class-size-reduction program to identify both the direct effects of smaller classes and related changes in teacher quality. Althou...
We examine the effect of air pollution on school absences using administrative data for elementary and middle school children in 39 of the largest school districts in Texas merged with air quality information maintained by the Environmental Protection Agency. We address potentially confounding factors with a difference-in-difference-in-differences...
This article considers potential impediments to the estimation of teacher quality caused primarily by the purposeful behavior of families, administrators, and teachers. The discussion highlights the benefits of accounting for student and school differences through a value-added modeling approach that incorporates a student's history of family, scho...
Uncovering the effect of school racial composition is difficult because racial mixing is not accidental but instead an outcome of government and family choices. Using rich panel data on the achievement of Texas students, we disentangle racial composition effects from other aspects of school quality and from differences in abilities and family backg...
Sizeable achievement differences by race appear in early grades, but substantial uncertainty exists about the impact of school quality on the black-white achievement gap and particularly about its evolution across different parts of the achievement distribution. Texas administrative data show that the overall growth in the achievement gap between t...
Much has been written about the importance of school leadership, but there is surprisingly little systematic evidence on this topic. This paper presents preliminary estimates of key elements of the market for school principals, employing rich panel data on principals from Texas State. The consideration of teacher movements across schools suggests t...
This paper investigates the effects of California’s billion-dollar class-size-reduction program on student achievement. It uses year-to-year differences in class size generated by variation in enrollment and the state’s class-size-reduction program to identify both the direct effects of smaller classes and related changes in teacher quality. Althou...
Under most conceivable scenarios of expanded choice, even with private school vouchers, the public school system will still remain the majority supplier of schooling. Therefore, it is important to know what might happen to quality and outcomes in the remaining public schools. This paper examines the effect of public school competition on academic a...
This paper constructs a model of saving for retired single people that includes heterogeneity in medical expenses and life expectancies, and bequest motives. We estimate the model using Assets and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old data and the method of simulated moments. Out-of-pocket medical expenses rise quickly with age and permanent income. Th...
Eric Hanushek and Steven Rivkin examine how salary and working conditions affect the quality of instruction in the classroom. The wages of teachers relative to those of other college graduates have fallen steadily since 1940. Today, average wages differ little, however, between urban and suburban districts. In some metropolitan areas urban district...
Improving the quality of instruction is a central component to virtually all proposals to raise school quality. Unfortunately, policy recommendations often ignore existing evidence about teacher labor markets and the determinants of teacher effectiveness in the classroom. This chapter reviews research on teacher labor markets, the importance of tea...
A half a century has passed since the landmark decision Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturned the doctrine of separate but equal in the realm of public education. This chapter attempts to summarize what we know about the impact of Brown on enrollment patterns and academic and economic outcomes for blacks. There can be little doubt that the...
Substantial uncertainty exists about the impact of school quality on the black-white achievement gap. Our results, based on both Texas Schools Project (TSP) administrative data and the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey (ECLS), differ noticeably from other recent analyses of the black-white achievement gap by providing strong evidence that schools...
Much of education policy focuses on improving teacher quality, but most policies lack strong research support. We use student achievement gains to estimate teacher value-added, our measure of teacher quality. The analysis reveals substantial variation in the quality of instruction, most of which occurs within rather than between schools. Although t...
This paper disentangles the impact of schools and teachers in influencing achievement with special attention given to the potential problems of omitted or mismeasured variables and of student and school selection. Unique matched panel data from the UTD Texas Schools Project permit the identification of teacher quality based on student performance a...
Many school districts experience difficulties attracting and retaining teachers, and the impending retirement of a substantial fraction of public school teachers raises the specter of severe shortages in some public schools. Schools in urban areas serving economically disadvantaged and minority students appear parlicularly vulnerable. This paper in...
The federal accountability legislation, No Child Left Behind, requires states to develop testing and accountability systems. It does not, however, specify the form of these other than the requirement to provide disaggregated performance information to the public. There are a variety of theoretical arguments for different ways to structure accountab...
Brookings Papers on Education Policy 2004 (2004) 7-25
When considering schools, one must pay attention to teachers. After all, teachers are the largest single budget item of schools, and many believe that they are the most important determinant of school quality. Yet research does not find a systematic link between teacher characteristics and stude...
Empirical analysis of peer effects on student achievement has been open to question because of the difficulties of separating peer effects from other confounding influences. While most econometric attention has been directed at issues of simultaneous determination of peer interactions, we argue that issues of omitted and mismeasured variables are l...
This chapter examines how public schools respond to competition from other schools, and how competition affects teaching quality, using data from the public school system in Texas. It evaluates the hypothesis that school choice will force schools to employ teachers of a more consistent, high quality. The analysis indicates that competition raises t...
This paper investigates the effects of California's class size reduction program on teacher quality and student achievement in an effort to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of a large-scale decrease in class size. It uses year-to-year differences in class size generated by natural variation in enrollment and the state's class size r...
Most discussion of special education has centered on the costs of providing mandated programs for children with disabilities and not on their effectiveness. As in many other policy areas, inferring program effectiveness is difficult because students not in special education do not provide a good comparison group. By following students who move in a...
Many school districts experience difficulties attracting and retaining teachers, and the impending retirement of a substantial fraction of public school teachers raises the specter of severe shortages in some public schools. Schools in urban areas serving economically disadvantaged and minority students appear particularly vulnerable. This paper in...
Most students change schools at some point in their academic careers, but some change very frequently and some schools experience a great deal of turnover. While many argue that mobility harms students, economists tend to emphasize Tiebout type moves to procure better school quality (SQ). This paper disentangles the disruption effects of moves from...
Growing up in a higher socioeconomic status neighborhood and attending school with socioeconomically advantaged classmates is associated with better academic, social, and labor market outcomes. The extent to which this association reflects a causal relationship is much debated, and the conclusions reached often depend upon the estimation method use...
Many school districts experience difficulties attracting and retaining teachers, and schools in urban areas serving economically disadvantaged and minority students appear particularly vulnerable to these problems. This paper investigates factors that affect the probabilities that teachers will switch schools or exit the public schools entirely. Re...
Voluntary and enforced compliance by school districts has reduced the segregation of U.S. public schools. A key question is whether desegregation programs have raised lifetime earnings for blacks, either through the expansion of interracial contact or improvements in school quality. This paper uses information on school demographic composition, dis...
Important policy decisions rest on the relationship between teacher salaries and the quality of teachers, but the evidence about the strength of any such relationship is thin. This paper relies upon the matched panel data of the UTD Texas School Project to investigate how shifts in salary schedules affect the composition of teachers within a distri...
While special education has become a hotly debated issue of school policy, most of the discussion has centered on the aggregate costs of providing mandated programs for disabled children. Little attention has been paid to the effectiveness of such programs or possible interactions with the provision of regular education. This study, building on the...
Considerable controversy surrounds the impact of schools and teachers on the achievement of students. This paper disentangles the separate factors influencing achievement with special attention given to the role of teacher differences and other aspects of schools. Unique matched panel data from the Harvard/UTD Texas Schools Project permit distingui...
Persistent increases in spending on elementary and secondary schools have gone virtually undocumented. Real expenditure per student increased 3½ percent per year over the period 1890-1990. Decomposition of the spending growth shows that it resulted from a combination of falling pupil-staff ratios, increasing real wages to teachers, and rising expen...
In the US, the federal government plays a relatively minor role in setting school policy, and the separate states are an important source of policy variation that sets the environment faced by local school districts. The variation in state policies plausibly has a significant impact on students achievement. Little is known about the magnitude of su...
The persistent increase in spending on elementary and secondary schools has gone virtually undocumented and has received insufficient attention. Real expenditure per student increased at 3« percent per year over the entire period of 1890-1990. A decomposition of the spending growth shows that it was propelled by a combination of falling pupil-teac...
This paper helps reconcile the contradictory findings about school resources and school effectiveness by developing the implications of data aggregation. With model misspecification, the theoretical impact of aggregation is generally ambiguous. When important state differences in school policy are omitted, however, aggregation implies clear upward...
This paper investigates the extent to which academic preparation, the structure of labor market opportunities, and exposure to nonmarket income alternatives explain race and gender differences in schooling and employment. Despite lower overall high school continuation and college attendance rates, Black men and women in the High School and Beyond L...
This paper helps reconcile the contradictory findings about school resources and school effectiveness by developing the implications of data aggregation. With model misspecification, the theoretical impact of aggregation is generally ambiguous. When important state differences in school policy are omitted, however, aggregation implies clear upward...
An analysis of educational outcomes and costs in U.S. schools shows rapidly increasing expenditures per student but little in the way of increased student performance. A decomposition of costs in the 20th century shows the powerful effects of decreased pupil-teacher ratios and increased costs of teachers. In the postwar period, however, teacher sal...
Abstract With few exceptions, empirical researchinvestigating the possibility of heterogeneous benefits of class size reduction lacks a conceptual framework,about specific dimensions of potential heterogeneity. In this paper we develop a model of education production that incorporates disruption, curriculum targeting, and student heterogeneity in t...
Uncovering the effects of school integration is difficult, because racial mixing in the schools is not an accident but instead represents a complex mixture of governmental and individual choices. Much of the current integration of schools traces its origin to the political and legal history that followed Brown v. Board of Education. The goals and i...
A growing body of research documents the substantial variation in teacher quality, but it questions the usefulness of measured teacher characteristics for identifying differences in classroom effectiveness. When looked at in terms of teacher effectiveness, many of the policies commonly discussed are suspect if not wrong. This paper discusses the un...
There is little doubt that teacher quality must be central to any true educational reform. The policies that have been actively discussed, however, can lead in very different directions. One approach currently favored in New York State emphasizes improving teacher training programs and tightening the requirements for entering teaching. Two problems...
Considerable recent attention has focused on the black-white achievement gap and its growth during the school years. Prior work has suggested that identifiable school characteristics have little to do with the changing gap. Our preliminary analysis, however, suggests that differences in the schools attended by blacks and whites combined with the ad...
While much has been written about the importance of school leadership, there is surprisingly little systematic evidence about this topic. This paper presents preliminary estimates of key elements of the market for school principals, employing rich panel data on principals for the State of Texas. The consideration of teacher movements across schools...
Empirical analysis of peer effects on student achievement has been limited, and what exists has been open to question because of the difficulties of identifying peer effects per se. Our strategy to identify peer group effects involves the elimination of problems introduced by unmeasured or mismeasured influences on achievement through the estimatio...
This paper discusses different perspectives from which to assess teacher quality and develops a conceptual framework focusing on outcome based measures of instructional performance. Results from a series of analyses on academic achievement in Texas public schools are used to describe both the variation in teacher effectiveness and the extent to whi...
Citations
... Seus trabalhos são a essência do que se pode compreender como teoria da escolha escolar. Por outro lado, há evidências de que a competição influencia a qualidade da escolha, principalmente, influenciando os professores (Hanushek & Rivkin, 2003). Outros estudos analisam as reformas da escolha escolar nos EUA e sua relação com a qualidade da escola (Baude, Casey, Hanushek, Phelan, & Rivkin, 2019;Hanushek, Kain, Rivkin, & Branch, 2007). ...
... Most principals who turn over, however, do not express dissatisfaction with their work (Boyce and Bowers 2016), suggesting the importance of other factors, including decisions by actors other than the principal. For instance, studies demonstrate that school accountability systems affect turnover in schools according to what achievement benchmarks they meet (Cullen et al. 2016;, and districts may be more likely to remove or demote principals in low-achieving schools (Grissom and Bartanen 2019a). ...
... This paper is also related to a small body of U.S. evidence showing the positive impacts of the extra resources provided to schools on students' exam scores (Card and Payne, 2002;Papke, 2005;Jackson et al., 2015) and educational qualifications and later earnings (Lafortune et al., 2018;Schmick and Shertzer, 2019). However, similar analyses in France and Romania yield less-optimistic results (Bénabou et al., 2009;Feigenberg et al., 2019;Benhenda and Grenet, 2020;Munteanu, 2022). A small number of papers have even concluded that compensatory education policies may be counterproductive, if schools invest their extra resources in less-efficient teaching methods (Leuven et al., 2007), or if families from different social backgrounds select into (or out of) the targeted schools (Beffy and Davezies, 2013;Davezies and Garrouste, 2020). ...
... For instance, one study found that urban charter schools boosted performance for students of color and low-performing students in the state of Massachusetts [55], and another showed improved performance for students from low socioeconomic backgrounds across 13 different states [65]. These differential outcomes may be at least partially attributed to a "no excuses" style curriculum, as both Angrist and colleagues [55] and Baude [66] noted the curricula as being a driving factor of the charter school's success. ...
... First, salary plays a crucial role in attracting (high quality) teachers (Eide, Goldhaber, and Brewer 2004;de Ree et al. 2018;see Umansky 2005). Correspondingly, evidence suggests that a higher salary reduces the probability of a teacher leaving the profession (Hanushek, Kain, and Rivkin 2001;Hendricks 2015). Second, salary is a prominent determinant of teacher attrition (Kelly 2004). ...
... Special education teacher staffing problems are harmful to student achievement. There is compelling, causal research showing that teacher attrition has negative impacts on student test scores (Hanushek et al., 2016;Ronfeldt et al., 2013). Ronfeldt et al. (2013), for example, showed that losing all of the teachers in a grade in a given school caused a -0.06 SD change in student achievement in that school and grade the following year. ...
... In respect to the effects of poverty on principal turnover, Branch et al. (2013) focused their research on Texas schools and reported that schools with higher percentages of students in poverty were more likely to have first-year principals than schools serving higher percentages of students who were not in poverty. Texas schools with higher percentages of students in poverty were also less likely to have principals at the same school for at least six years than schools with less disadvantaged student populations. ...
... The statistically significant differences between non-mobile students and mobile students in their reading and mathematics performance in each of the six years of data analyzed herein, when controlling for and not controlling for economic status, are congruent with the research literature that mobility negatively influences academic achievement (e.g., Audette, Algozzine, & Warden, 1993; Hanushek et al., 2004Hanushek et al., , 2009Kerbow, 1995;Lovell & Isaacs, 2008;Reynolds et al., 2009;Schaller, 1975;Scherrer, 2013;Smith et al., 2008). Results, including a consideration of students included in this study and excluded due to a lack of scores, are also commensurate with other research finding about student mobility. ...
... La revisión de la literatura internacional sobre las condiciones de trabajo y la carrera de los docentes revela que en los últimos años han captado la atención de los investigadores temas como la deserción y la rotación de los docentes (Darling-Hammond, 2003), los factores que determinan el abandono de la labor docente y el traslado de un centro educativo a otro (Hanushek et al, 2004), y también los elementos que inciden sobre la retención de los docentes en una escuela y en la labor de enseñanza en general (Hughes, 2012). ...
Reference: Profesionalización docente
... Third, we contribute to the cross-disciplinary literature on the science of scaling evidence-based interventions (Coburn 2003;Honig 2006;Manna 2010;Banerjee et al. 2017;Davis et al. 2017;Muralidharan and Niehaus 2017;Al-Ubaydli, List, and Suskind 2020;Gupta et al. 2021;Zhou et al. 2021). Our work is most closely related to Jepsen and Rivkin's (2009) seminal study of how supply-side constraints made efforts to reduce class sizes at scale across California largely ineffectual. High-stakes teacher evaluation systems went from being a policy proposal piloted in DC public schools to a nationwide reform initiative with unprecedented speed and federal support. ...