Stephanie Evers’s research while affiliated with Liverpool John Moores University and other places

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Publications (10)


Grassroots governance
  • Chapter

July 2024

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22 Reads

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Antonio Jonay Jovani Sancho

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Susan E. Page

Study area. North and South Selangor. Red points represent the points where pixels were extracted for the analysis. Peatlands are enclosed in the black polygon and rivers and canals are represented by blue lines.
Methodology framework.
(a) Land cover map from North Selangor; (b) Subsidence over North Selangor; (c) number of coherent pairs per pixel over North Selangor (coherence count); (d) Land cover map from South Selangor; (e) Subsidence over South Selangor; (f) number of coherent pairs per pixel over North Selangor. The subsidence data are in mm yr⁻¹ between 2017 and 2019. A greater negative value (red) indicates a greater subsidence rate. Coherence count data ranges from 71 to 1335, whereby the higher the value, the greater the number of consistently coherent pairs that exist for this pixel. Black and blue lines represent the peatland extent. Areas of notable interest are marked with a red square.
Rates of subsidence in mm yr⁻¹ computed from the surface motion velocity (2017–2019) among different land cover classes. Mean and SD are shown. A greater negative value indicates greater subsidence rates. (a) North Selangor subsidence rates; (b) South Selangor subsidence rates.
(a) Variable importance based on MSE; (b) variable importance based on node purity; (c) variable importance in optimum variables selected based on MSE (d) variable importance in optimum variables selected based on node purity.

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Exploring Spatial Patterns of Tropical Peatland Subsidence in Selangor, Malaysia Using the APSIS-DInSAR Technique
  • Article
  • Full-text available

June 2024

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76 Reads

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1 Citation

Tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia have experienced widespread subsidence due to forest clearance and drainage for agriculture, oil palm and pulp wood production, causing concerns about their function as a long-term carbon store. Peatland drainage leads to subsidence (lowering of peatland surface), an indicator of degraded peatlands, while stability/uplift indicates peatland accumulation and ecosystem health. We used the Advanced Pixel System using the Intermittent SBAS (ASPIS-DInSAR) technique with biophysical and geographical data to investigate the impact of peatland drainage and agriculture on spatial patterns of subsidence in Selangor, Malaysia. Results showed pronounced subsidence in areas subjected to drainage for agricultural and oil palm plantations, while stable areas were associated with intact forests. The most powerful predictors of subsidence rates were the distance from the drainage canal or peat boundary; however, other drivers such as soil properties and water table levels were also important. The maximum subsidence rate detected was lower than that documented by ground-based methods. Therefore, whilst the APSIS-DInSAR technique may underestimate absolute subsidence rates, it gives valuable information on the direction of motion and spatial variability of subsidence. The study confirms widespread and severe peatland degradation in Selangor, highlighting the value of DInSAR for identifying priority zones for restoration and emphasising the need for conservation and restoration efforts to preserve Selangor peatlands and prevent further environmental impacts.

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Assessment of variability of peat physico‐chemical properties, subsidence and their interactions within Selangor forests

November 2023

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124 Reads

European Journal of Soil Science

Tropical peat swamp forests are carbon rich ecosystems both above‐ and below‐ground, which play a major role in the climate balance of the earth. The majority of the world's tropical peat forest cover is located in Southeast Asia and is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic disturbances. Despite their importance for biodiversity conservation and climatic balance of the earth, pristine peatlands are almost extinct in many parts of Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia is one such region, where there are no undisturbed peatlands left in the west coast. We studied the largest peat forest area in the west coast of Malaysia, located in the state of Selangor. We evaluated variability of peat subsidence (for 1 year), peat physico‐chemical properties and macronutrient contents between forest regions and between different depths (not for subsidence) covering the top 50 cm, and the complex interactions between them. We found that there was significant peat subsidence in all the studied regions, however there was no significant difference in subsidence between different forest regions. Physico‐chemical properties such as peat moisture, pH and C content, and all macronutrient contents except P, either varied between regions, or showed significant interactions between region and depth in Selangor peat forests. All the measured peat physico‐chemical properties varied with depth. Among macronutrients, only N, P, and Ca showed significant change with depth, while there were no changes with depth for S, K and Mg contents. These changes in each peat physico‐chemical property and macronutrient contents correlated with changes in other peat‐physicochemical properties and nutrient contents, however there is a need for controlled experiments to further understand these significant interactions. The findings show continued carbon loss in secondary peat swamp forests through subsidence, indicating the long‐term impact of selective logging and associated historical drainage. The significant variability of peat physico‐chemical properties and macronutrient contents with region and depth, also show the need for intensive sampling to characterise large secondary peat swamp forests. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Tropical peat surface oscillations are a function of peat condition at North Selangor peat swamp forest, Malaysia

August 2023

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235 Reads

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1 Citation

Tropical peatland condition across southeast Asia is deteriorating as a result of conversion to agriculture and urban zones. Conversion begins by lowering the water table, which leads to peat decomposition, subsidence and increased risk of large-scale forest fires. Associated changes in mechanical peat properties impact the magnitude and timing of changes in peatland surface motion, making them a potential proxy for peatland condition. However, such a relationship is yet to be observed in a tropical peatland setting. This study aimed to establish whether patterns of tropical peatland surface motion were a function of peat condition at North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest in Selangor, Malaysia. Results showed that subsidence was greatest at fire-affected scrubland sites, whilst the lowest mean water table levels were found at smallholder oil palm sites. Peat condition and magnitude of tropical peat surface oscillation were significantly different between peat condition classes, whilst peat condition differed with depth. More degraded tropical peats with high bulk density throughout the peat profile due to high surface loading and low mean water table levels showed greater surface oscillation magnitudes. The dominant peat surface oscillation mechanisms present at all sites were compression and shrinkage from changes in water table level. Mean water table level and subsidence rate were related to surface oscillation magnitude. However further work towards measuring surface and within-water table range bulk densities and surface loading is required to better understand the controls on surface oscillation magnitudes.


Assessment of differences in peat physico-chemical properties, surface subsidence and GHG emissions between the major land-uses of Selangor peatlands

May 2023

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99 Reads

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7 Citations

CATENA

Tropical peatlands are globally important ecosystems for carbon storage, biodiversity conservation, water storage and regulation, and several other valuable ecosystem services. Despite their importance, peatlands in Southeast Asia have been heavily degraded by anthropogenic disturbances such as drainage, agricultural conversion , and fire. In this spatially extensive study we characterised peat properties, nutrient concentrations, surface subsidence rates and greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia under different land-uses: Secondary Forest, Fire affected and replanted forest (Burnt), Pineapple Plantation, Mixed Agriculture, Smallholder Oil Palm Monoculture, and Industrial Oil Palm Monoculture. All the measured peat physico-chemical properties and nutrient concentrations were significantly different between land-uses. Principal component analyses indicated that peat under the Mixed Agriculture and Burnt land-uses showed the greatest degree of modification relative to peat under the Secondary Forest land-use. Burnt land-use also showed a significantly higher subsidence rate (4.4 ± 1.2 cm yr − 1) than all the other land-uses (ranging between 1.8 ± 0.47 and 3.2 ± 0.5 cm yr − 1). Water table was significantly higher at the Burnt land-use (-26 cm) than all other land-uses, likely reflecting fire-prevention drain blocking measures as well as lower land surface heights post fire. Smallholder oil palm land-use had the lowest water table (− 68 cm), while water table level in all other land-uses did not significantly differ from that of Secondary Forest (− 43 cm). Peat surface level changes were positively related to increase in drainage, showing the importance of maintaining a high water table level in reducing peat degradation and carbon loss from peatlands. Total CO 2 (mean range 492 to 1019 mg m − 2 hr-1) and CH 4 emissions (mean range 637 to 1422 µg m − 2 hr-1) did not significantly differ between land-uses or seasons. CH 4 emissions were negligible under all land-uses and higher emissions were correlated with a higher water table level. Taken together, the results show that anthropogenic land-use change impacts the physico-chemical properties and nutrient content of peat, and that increased drainage alongside changes in other peat properties leads to increased peat subsidence and carbon loss.


Abstrak

Data gas rumah kaca, terutama gas metana dan nitrogen, dari kegiatan pertanian skala kecil pada lahan gambut tropis sangat jarang diteliti. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengukur emisi gas CH4 dan N2O dari pertanian skala kecil pada lahan gambut di Asia Tenggara dan mempelajari faktor-faktor lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan emisi kedua gas tersebut. Riset dilaksanakan pada empat tipe penggunaan lahan di Malaysia dan Indonesia. Fluks CH4 dan N2O dan parameter lingkungan diukur dari pertanian hortikultura, kebun kelapa sawit, kebun campuran (karet dan jelutung), dan hutan sekunder. Emisi tahunan gas metana (kg CH4 per ha per tahun) sebesar 70.7 ± 29.5; 2.1 ± 1.2; 2.1 ± 0.6 dan 6.2 ± 1.9 dari lahan hutan, kebun campuran, kebun kelapa sawit, dan pertanian hortikultura. Dan emisi gas nitrogen (kg N2O per ha per tahun) dari empat penggunaan lahan di atas adalah 6.5 ± 2.8; 3.2 ± 1.2; 21.9 ± 11.4 dan 33.6 ± 7.3. Ketinggian muka air tanah sangat mempengaruhi emisi gas metana, dan besarnya emisi tahunan gas metana meningkat secara eksponensial pada tinggi muka air tanah sebesar lebih dari −25 cm. Total nitrogen terlarut (TNT) dalam air tanah gambut sangat berkorelasi dengan emisi gas N2O, membentuk hubungan sigmoid. Konsentrasi 10 mg N per liter menjadi faktor pembatas, ketika produksi N2O berkurang. Pemerintah dapat menggunakan data baru emisi metana dan nitrogen untuk memperbaiki nilai faktor emisi untuk melaporkan emisi gas-gas rumah kaca skala nasional. Status hara, terutama dampak pemupukan, berperanan terhadap peningkatan emisi. Karena itu, pemakaian pupuk yang efisien dan pengurangan pemupukan perlu menjadi pertimbangan dan menjadi satu langkah penting untuk mengurangi emisi gas-gas rumah kaca. Yang terpenting adalah pencegahan perubahan hutan rawa gambut di Asia Tenggara menjadi penggunaan lain, seperti pengembangan pertanian, merupakan upaya prioritas untuk mengurangi emisi gas-gas rumah kaca dari lahan gambut.
CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from smallholder agricultural systems on tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia

April 2023

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301 Reads

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15 Citations

Global Change Biology

There are limited data for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from smallholder agricultural systems in tropical peatlands, with data for non-CO2 emissions from human-influenced tropical peatlands particularly scarce. The aim of this study was to quantify soil CH4 and N2 O fluxes from smallholder agricultural systems on tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia and assess their environmental controls. The study was carried out in four regions in Malaysia and Indonesia. CH4 and N2 O fluxes and environmental parameters were measured in cropland, oil palm plantation, tree plantation, and forest. Annual CH4 emissions (in kg CH4 ha-1 year-1 ) were: 70.7 ± 29.5, 2.1 ± 1.2, 2.1 ± 0.6 and 6.2 ± 1.9 at the forest, tree plantation, oil palm and cropland land-use classes, respectively. Annual N2 O emissions (in kg N2 O ha-1 year-1 ) were: 6.5 ±2.8, 3.2 ± 1.2, 21.9 ± 11.4 and 33.6 ± 7.3 in the same order as above, respectively. Annual CH4 emissions were strongly determined by water table depth (WTD) and increased exponentially when annual WTD was above -25 cm. In contrast, annual N2 O emissions were strongly correlated with mean total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in soil water, following a sigmoidal relationship, up to an apparent threshold of 10 mg N L-1 beyond which TDN seemingly ceased to be limiting for N2 O production. The new emissions data for CH4 and N2 O presented here should help to develop more robust country level 'emission factors' for the quantification of national GHG inventory reporting. The impact of TDN on N2 O emissions suggests that soil nutrient status strongly impact emissions, and therefore, policies which reduce N-fertilisation inputs might contribute to emissions mitigation from agricultural peat landscapes. However, the most important policy intervention for reducing emissions is one that reduces the conversion of peat swamp forest to agriculture in peatlands in the first place.


Anthropogenic impacts on lowland tropical peatland biogeochemistry

May 2022

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416 Reads

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73 Citations

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment

Tropical peatlands store around one-sixth of the global peatland carbon pool (105 gigatonnes), equivalent to 30% of the carbon held in rainforest vegetation. Deforestation, drainage, fire and conversion to agricultural land threaten these ecosystems and their role in carbon sequestration. In this Review, we discuss the biogeochemistry of tropical peatlands and the impacts of ongoing anthropogenic modifications. Extensive peatlands are found in Southeast Asia, the Congo Basin and Amazonia, but their total global area remains unknown owing to inadequate data. Anthropogenic transformations result in high carbon loss and reduced carbon storage, increased greenhouse gas emissions, loss of hydrological integrity and peat subsidence accompanied by an enhanced risk of flooding. Moreover, the resulting nutrient storage and cycling changes necessitate fertilizer inputs to sustain crop production, further disturbing the ecosystem and increasing greenhouse gas emissions. Under a warming climate, these impacts are likely to intensify, with both disturbed and intact peat swamps at risk of losing 20% of current carbon stocks by 2100. Improved measurement and observation of carbon pools and fluxes, along with process-based biogeochemical knowledge, is needed to support management strategies, protect tropical peatland carbon stocks and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Tropical peatlands hold around 105 gigatonnes of carbon but are increasingly affected by anthropogenic activities. This Review describes the biogeochemistry of these systems and how deforestation, fire, drainage and agriculture are disturbing them. Tropical peatlands are important in terms of the global carbon cycle and in efforts to combat climate change, with a growing recognition of their potential role in natural climate solutions.Tropical peatlands occupy approximately 440,000 km2 across Southeast Asia, Central Africa and South and Central America, and are mostly forested. They are among the world’s most carbon-dense ecosystems with a belowground carbon stock of about 105 gigatonnes (Gt).Although tropical peatlands in Africa and in South and Central America remain largely intact, those in Southeast Asia have undergone widespread transformations owing to deforestation, drainage and agricultural conversion.Land-use changes result in rapid peat carbon loss, high greenhouse gas emissions, land subsidence, changes in hydrology and nutrient cycling, and an increased risk of fire.Management priorities include protection of the carbon sink function of intact forested peatlands; restoration of degraded, forested peatlands; and improved management of agricultural peatlands by raising water levels to mitigate carbon losses and greenhouse gas emissions.The response of tropical peatlands and their carbon stocks to anthropogenic warming and associated changes in hydroclimate remain an area of uncertainty. Tropical peatlands are important in terms of the global carbon cycle and in efforts to combat climate change, with a growing recognition of their potential role in natural climate solutions. Tropical peatlands occupy approximately 440,000 km2 across Southeast Asia, Central Africa and South and Central America, and are mostly forested. They are among the world’s most carbon-dense ecosystems with a belowground carbon stock of about 105 gigatonnes (Gt). Although tropical peatlands in Africa and in South and Central America remain largely intact, those in Southeast Asia have undergone widespread transformations owing to deforestation, drainage and agricultural conversion. Land-use changes result in rapid peat carbon loss, high greenhouse gas emissions, land subsidence, changes in hydrology and nutrient cycling, and an increased risk of fire. Management priorities include protection of the carbon sink function of intact forested peatlands; restoration of degraded, forested peatlands; and improved management of agricultural peatlands by raising water levels to mitigate carbon losses and greenhouse gas emissions. The response of tropical peatlands and their carbon stocks to anthropogenic warming and associated changes in hydroclimate remain an area of uncertainty.


Figure 5. Relationship between (a) logCO2 and moisture in Pineapple Intercropping (b) logCO2 and pH in Pineapple Intercropping (c) logCO2 and moisture in Converted Monocropping (d) logCO2 and moisture in Converted Monocropping.
Calculated Q10 for CO2 and CH4 fluxes. Mean ± 1 standard error.
Immediate environmental impacts of transformation of an oil palm intercropping to a monocropping system in a tropical peatland

April 2022

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232 Reads

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3 Citations

Mires and Peat

The expansion of oil palm plantations is one of the greatest threats to carbon-rich tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia. More than half of the oil palm plantations on tropical peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia are smallholder-based, which typically follow varied cropping systems, such as intercropping. In this case study, we compare the immediate biogeochemical impacts of conversion of an oil palm and pineapple intercropping to an oil palm monocropping system. We also assess how these changes affect the subsequent temperature sensitivity of greenhouse gas (GHG) production. We found that peat bulk density is unchanged, while organic matter content, pH and temperature is slightly yet significantly altered after conversion from oil palm intercropping to monocropping. Both in-situ and ex-situ CO2 emissions and temperature sensitivity of CO2 and CH4 production did not significantly vary between conversion stages; however, in-situ CO2 emissions in monocropping system exhibited a unique positive correlation with moisture. The findings show that some of the defining peat properties, such as bulk density and organic matter content, were mostly conserved immediately after conversion from intercropping to oil palm monocropping. However, there were signs of deterioration in other functional relationships, such as significantly greater CO2 emissions observed in the wet season to that of the dry season, showing moisture limitation to CO2 emissions in monocropping, post-conversion. Nevertheless, there is a need for further research to identify the long-term impacts, and also the sustainability of intercropping practices in mature oil palm plantations for the benefit of these peat properties.


A Novel Low-Cost, High-Resolution Camera System for Measuring Peat Subsidence and Water Table Dynamics

March 2021

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679 Reads

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29 Citations

Peatlands are highly dynamic systems, able to accumulate carbon over millennia under natural conditions, but susceptible to rapid subsidence and carbon loss when drained. Short-term, seasonal and long-term peat surface elevation changes are closely linked to key peatland attributes such as water table depth (WTD) and carbon balance, and may be measured remotely using satellite radar and LiDAR methods. However, field measurements of peat elevation change are spatially and temporally sparse, reliant on low-resolution manual subsidence pole measurements, or expensive sensor systems. Here we describe a novel, simple and low-cost image-based method for measuring peat surface motion and WTD using commercially available time-lapse cameras and image processing methods. Based on almost two years’ deployment of peat cameras across contrasting forested, burned, agricultural and oil palm plantation sites in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, we show that the method can capture extremely high resolution (sub-mm) and high-frequency (sub-daily) changes in peat surface elevation over extended periods and under challenging environmental conditions. WTD measurements were of similar quality to commercially available pressure transducers. Results reveal dynamic peat elevation response to individual rain events, consistent with variations in WTD. Over the course of the relatively severe 2019 dry season, cameras in deep-drained peatlands recorded maximum peat shrinkage of over 8 cm, followed by partial rebound, leading to net annual subsidence of up to 5 cm. Sites with higher water tables, and where borehole irrigation was used to maintain soil moisture, had lower subsidence, suggesting potential to reduce subsidence through altered land-management. Given the established link between subsidence and CO2 emissions, these results have direct implications for the management of peatlands to reduce high current greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Camera-based sensors provide a simple, low-cost alternative to commercial elevation, WTD and GHG flux monitoring systems, suitable for deployment at scale, and in areas where existing approaches are impractical or unaffordable. If ground-based observations of peat motion can be linked to measured GHG fluxes and with satellite-based monitoring tools, this approach offers the potential for a large-scale peatland monitoring tool, suitable for identifying areas of active carbon loss, targeting climate change mitigation interventions, and evaluating intervention outcomes.


OIL PALM GOVERNANCE AT THE GRASSROOTS: HOW ASSEMBLAGE LINKS OIL PALM, LIVELIHOODS, AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATION IN AN INDONESIAN VILLAGE

January 2021

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60 Reads

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3 Citations

International Review Of Modern Sociology

Oil palm governance has attracted significant research attention. However, the impact of this work on palm oil governance remains patchy. In part, this is linked to trends in palm oil research, which focus on the conservation-development binary that limits exploration of the practices whereby actors in different sites work out oil palm governance. In this paper, we propose an approach that conceptualizes the oil palm industry as an assemblage of heterogeneous human and non-human elements and explores how these are contingently brought together in the oil palm industry. These are employed to examine how oil palm is integrated into a village in West Kalimantan. The study shows that while current partnership arrangements leave village governments in a weak position vis-à-vis large plantation companies, local administrative arrangements provide local actors with the capacity to respond to opportunities in a variety of ways resulting in diversified small-scale production addressing multiple livelihood objectives.

Citations (8)


... In addition, some parts of the upstream areas are susceptible to landslides (Sulaiman et al 2019, Majid et al 2020. Other less-commonly reported hazards include wildfires and land subsidence especially related to peat areas (Li et al 2023, de la Barreda-Bautista et al 2024. The Third National Communication Report (NC3) of Malaysia reports that the Selangor River Basin is prone to floods (Government of Malaysia 2018). ...

Reference:

Delineating potential sites for Natech due to climate change in the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia
Exploring Spatial Patterns of Tropical Peatland Subsidence in Selangor, Malaysia Using the APSIS-DInSAR Technique

... A total of sixty Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide (IW) images from November 2017 to November 2019 from descending track 3 were processed to derive measurements of vertical ground motion. This period was selected to match a corresponding field campaign of subsidence measurements at Selangor [46,47]. A total of 780 interferograms were produced with a maximum normal perpendicular baseline of 250 m and a 6-month temporal baseline, showing the average rate of motion over the period measured (2017-2019) in millimetres per year, at 20 m resolution. ...

Tropical peat surface oscillations are a function of peat condition at North Selangor peat swamp forest, Malaysia

... Therefore, the impact of land management on peat degradation is frequently discussed in terms of carbon loss (Liu et al., 2019;Schimmel et al., 2021), selected physicochemical properties (e.g., organic matter stoichiometry Leifeld et al., 2020), peat chemical quality (Tonks et al., 2017), peat subsidence (Mustamo et al., 2016) or enzymatic activity (Könönen et al., 2018;Qin et al., 2021). However, few studies have used multiple biogeochemical indicators to evaluate degradation (Dhandapani et al., 2023;Drollinger et al., 2020), and even fewer provide detailed depth profiles down to 80 cm (Howson et al., 2023;Krüger et al., 2015;Zhu et al., 2021). ...

Assessment of differences in peat physico-chemical properties, surface subsidence and GHG emissions between the major land-uses of Selangor peatlands

CATENA

... and on-site aquatic CO 2 and CH 4 effluxes from the drainage canal surface network, (5) on-site aquatic CH 4 effluxes from aquaculture ponds, and (6) losses of soil carbon stock during the conversion of mangroves to aquaculture ponds. Owing to a paucity of relevant literature, we did not include N 2 O emissions, although these may be substantial from some land uses 73 . ...

CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from smallholder agricultural systems on tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia

Global Change Biology

... 10-1000 kg CO 2 -C ha À1 yr À1 ), moderate sources of methane (CH 4 ) (10-500 kg CH 4 -C ha À1 yr À1 ), and very weak sources of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) (< 1.0 kg N 2 O-N ha À1 yr À1 ) ( Fig. 1; Supporting Information Table S1). Northern boreal peatlands, distant from anthropogenic pressures, store the majority of the global peatland C stock, while tropical peatlands, which contain up to 16% of peatland C (105 Pg; Dargie et al., 2017), are often near large and rapidly growing human settlements (Page et al., 2022). Most tropical peatlands are peat swamp forests, and their CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions vary with wet and dry seasons; however, global warming has disrupted this seasonal pattern, leading to more erratic cycles (Page et al., 2022). ...

Anthropogenic impacts on lowland tropical peatland biogeochemistry
  • Citing Article
  • May 2022

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment

... All GHG measurement points in the Pineapple land-use were close to the pineapple crop, as pineapple fields are densely planted with minimal space in between plants. However, pineapple root systems have not been found to significantly contribute to an increase in total CO 2 emissions (Dhandapani et al., 2022;Dhandapani et al., 2019b). Thus, the results suggest high carbon loss in all non-forest land-uses relative to the Secondary Forest land-use, but with no clear, observed relationship between water table level and CO 2 emissions. ...

Immediate environmental impacts of transformation of an oil palm intercropping to a monocropping system in a tropical peatland

Mires and Peat

... We managed to explain only a proportion of the variance of such a complex process; the performance of the models could be improved upon by collecting more ground data on variables that describe peat profile condition and water table level directly and incorporating this into the model, rather than including variables that describe the peat surface and above-ground biomass characteristics from remote sensing products only. Time series data of surface subsidence and water table levels from Evans et al. [72] presented a strong relationship between peat surface level and water table level. This illustrates the importance of including a product that directly reflects water table levels across Selangor peatlands in subsidence models. ...

A Novel Low-Cost, High-Resolution Camera System for Measuring Peat Subsidence and Water Table Dynamics

... The data from BPS (Biro Pusat Statistik or Statistics Central Bureau) in 2021 revealed that Indonesian experienced a decrease in palm oil purchases. It was recorded that since 2017, the sales of Indonesia's palm oil to European Union reached 3.8 million tons, but in 2021 the sales decreased to only 2.1 million tons (O'reilly et al., 2020;Santika et al., 2019). Indonesia will certainly not remain silent with such policies that discriminate its products, therefore, these issues are frequently raised as a topic of discussion in every meeting held between Indonesia and the European Union (B.P.S., 2021). ...

OIL PALM GOVERNANCE AT THE GRASSROOTS: HOW ASSEMBLAGE LINKS OIL PALM, LIVELIHOODS, AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATION IN AN INDONESIAN VILLAGE
  • Citing Article
  • January 2021

International Review Of Modern Sociology