Stacy L. Smith's research while affiliated with University of Southern California and other places

... In fact, the opportunity for Japanese people to see real or screen versions of Caucasian faces is greater than the opportunity for Norwegians to see Japanese faces. Smith et al. (2015) reported that in the Hollywood 100 top films of 2014, 73.1% of the main characters of movies were Caucasian, while Asian actors accounted for only 5.9%. Therefore, ordinary Norwegians are seldom exposed to East Asian people or electronic versions of their faces. ...

... As also noted, these functions have been investigated primarily within interpersonal contexts, but nonverbal events also perform a range of public communicative tasks. According to Manusov and Jaworksi (2006), these functions include portrayals of and learning about emotional expressions (i.e., the ways in which television viewing affects the ability to encode or decode emotions, e.g., Feldman, Coats, & Spielman, 1996; and how TV influences beliefs about emotions in the real world, e.g., Wilson & Smith, 1998). The authors also discuss lines of scholarship that focus on how nonverbal cues work as persuasion within the media, with much of this research honing in on the political context and nonverbal cues' effects on judgments (i.e., impression formation) and voting behavior (e.g., Gregory & Gallagher, 2002;Seiter, 2001). ...

... 7). Dark side research often explores topics that are easily and ostensibly seen as negative in nature such as deception, aggression, or physical violence (Smith & Granados, 2010). However, it is important to note that behavior some might label as rewarding can still be enacted or maintained in abusive ways. ...

... Violent, aggressive environment makes people insensitive to the television violence as well as "heavy viewing" of violence on TV. Both these assumptions support desensitization theory; in accordance with it, the extended/repeated exposure to the media valence leads to the less physiological response and less salient emotional arousal (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998: Carnagey & Anderson, 2003. Desensitization effects are applicable mainly to the violent media content (Krahé et al, 2011). ...

... Altruism is a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing another's welfare [32], and altruistic behavior is thus defined as acts of cognitive or physical helping and sharing that occur outside the bounds of role relationships [33]. Hereby, the selfless motive and behavior of CS hosts that benefit third parties' welfare is a typical altruism [13,14], which is the unique appeal of CS hosts, distinguished from Airbnb and any other P2P hosts. ...

... Preschool and school-aged children are typically measured as having a PSR if a media character can be named as the child's favorite (Hoffner, 1996;Richards & Calvert, 2017;Rosaen & Dibble, 2008;Rosaen et al., 2011). Parent reports are often used to assess young children's PSRs with a favorite character for two main reasons. ...

... Sin embargo, al ser perpetradas por individuos cuyos periodos de vida reflejan la niñez y adolescencia, estas podrían ser imitadas por los espectadores, en caso de que las interpretasen como normales o aceptables. Es por lo anterior mencionado, que se han efectuado y se continúan desarrollando investigaciones delimitadas en esclarecer el impacto de la violencia aquí analizada en la adquisición de patrones de conducta agresivos en la población infantil y juvenil (Kunkel, et al. 1995;Cohen, 1998;Gordo, 1999;Manzo-Chávez y Reyes-Virrueta, 2009; Pinto, Alves y Haase, 2012 y Cusi-Arriaga, 2017). ...

... Children in the different developmental stages have different cognitive levels, which affects how they comprehend and interpret media content (Cantor & Sparks, 1984). Studies have probed age-related differences in media effects and revealed that the intensity of news portrayals that elicit children's fear seems to depend on the child's age (Kruuse & Kalmus, 2016;Smith & Wilson, 2000;Valkenburg et al., 2000). ...

... The second type of violence is more like a sport that people accept and appreciate. For example, World Wrestling Entertainment's (WWE) Monday night shows soared in popularity in the late 1990s, even reaching a peak of 8 million viewers at a time [1]. But in today's society, people are becoming afraid of the effects of sports violence, both positive and negative. ...

... Additionally, visual frames are easier to be employed in developing a 31 corresponding interpretation of news events when the used visuals are more graphic (Fahmy, 2010a). Several studies underlined the significance of using graphic visuals as framing devices as they can grab the audience's attention due to their shocking content and convey the feeling that they are closer to the action (e.g., Fahmy et al., 2006;Potter & Smith, 2000;Scharrer & Blackburn, 2015;Zelizer, 2005). In a study investigating Al Jazeera viewers' support for graphic and warrelated visuals, Fahmy and Johnson (2007) concluded that viewers see graphic visuals as important in communicating war's ugliness, allowing those who are far from a conflict to learn about the degree of brutality or force imposed. ...