Spencer P. Greenhalgh's research while affiliated with University of Kentucky and other places

... We only studied posts to a single social media platform, Twitter; data from Twitter, historically, has been easier to access than data from other platforms. Examining sentiment through other media-notably Facebook, which now has a program through which researchers can request to access data (CrowdTangle, 2021), may lend insight, especially as different social media platforms can be characterized by different populations of users (Aguilar et al., 2021;Pew Research, 2019). Moreover, it may be worthwhile to calibrate and validate sentiment on social media with public opinion polls (O'Connor et al., 2010), and understanding how aligned these are could inform our and other research. ...

... This is despite the rapidly increasing presence of digital technologies in the higher education environment. From computer technologies in their various forms, such as mobile phones (Ferreira, 2022), and communicational technologies, such as social media platforms (Williams & Greenhalgh, 2022), to data analytic systems (Nguyen et al., 2020), digital technologies are changing not only the way we work, communicate, and create knowledge, but also the way we relate to each other in academia. ...

... More targeted content on a need-toknow basis while still having access to all the resources available in the SMLC will be added to our redesign and is vital to the future sustainability of the SMLC. Aguilar et al., (2021) identified that SMLCs serve five explicit purposes: finding and sharing material (achieved as seen in our shared folder in Fig. 4), learning Fig. 3 A screenshot of the final project webpage by a TC pair new content, and connecting or following other educators or organizations. These purposes are part of the long-term efforts of the research team to add new cohorts and groups to increase the possibility of an active and sustained community. ...

... However, the use of digital social networks in higher education for teaching and learning gives rise to critical conversations and observations about the risks that these mediums pose to the learning experience (Greenhalgh et al., 2021;Krutka et al., 2020;Krutka et al., 2019;Rosenberg et al., 2022). Risks associated with the use of digital social networks in teaching and learning include potential for online harassment Veletsianos et al., 2018), cyberbullying (Aydin, 2012), and misinformation (Eckberg et al., 2018;Gosse & Burkell, 2020), among others. ...

... SMLCs show great potential to address 21st-century issues, as they can open the door for new, unexplored forms of collaboration using multiple tools typically found outside of formal classroom contexts (Greenhow et al., 2019;Otto et al., 2015). Despite their perceived benefits, SMLC-based interventions can struggle to maintain responsive, cohesive, problem-solving, and supportive spaces, especially with frequent occurrences of inauthentic accounts and self-promotion (Krutka & Greenhalgh, 2021). The few active teacher education SMLCs, such as Twitter's #edchat or Reddit's r/Teachers, can create spaces where members do not feel a strong sense of belonging and find it challenging to work with others to create new knowledge in addressing critical problems (Lai et al., 2019). ...

... The three most common types of worksheets/handouts were ones with students answering questions (46%), video guides (31%), and puzzles such as word searches or crosswords (27%). Buyer ratings of the top 500 TpT resources were very high, with 99% earning a 4.0 or 3.9 (out of 4.0), supporting emerging evidence that TpT ratings are unanimously high and likely not an effective measurement of quality (Abramovich & Schunn, 2012;Shelton et al., 2021). ...

... Over the last few years, various learning management systems have been improved. In Table 1, some of the most widely-used LMS were presented with their short descriptions, target group, advantages and limitations (Altunkaya And Ayrancı, 2020;DiGiacomo, Greenhalgh and Barriage, 2021;Harjanto and Sumarni, 2021;Erdemir & Ekşi-Yangın;Pappas, 2015;Sudarsana et al., 2019;Tonbuloğlu, 2021). Several studies have been conducted in the literature on using learning management systems effectively and the positive effects of learning management systems on education. ...

... Social media, understood as tools to improve teaching and a means for enabling space for virtual excursions, is still at the beginning of its journey, and has great potential to become a transformative method of learning and teaching [34]. The use of social media in education can help increase the connection between a teacher and a student [35]. As Bailey and others state [36][37][38], the use of social media for learning is as important as the learning objectives, so they must have a social presence, include interactive learning, and encourage active, collaborative learning. ...

... La investigación sobre Twitter ha recurrido a menudo a los hashtags educativos para analizar cómo las comunidades docentes han utilizado los medios sociales (Greenhalgh et al., 2021). Carpenter et al. (2020) analizaron la actividad de los educadores en más de 2.6 millones de tuits publicados con dieciséis hashtags relacionados con la educación; su estudio demuestra que los hashtags de Twitter contribuyen al intercambio de ideas, la organización, el activismo, el liderazgo y el desarrollo del capital social por parte de los educadores. ...

... Recent scholarship suggests that influencers are prominent in educators' personal and professional worlds. Twitter, YouTube, Pinterest, Instagram, and TeachersPayTeachers (TpT) have been documented as sites of importance for educators, and all are populated by influencers and superusers (Fyfield, Henderson, and Phillips 2021;Koehler et al. 2020;Shapiro et al. 2019;Staudt Willet 2019). Despite their popularity, few studies have explored the nature of the content education influencers share, yet preliminary evidence suggests commercial and promotional content is layered in education influencers' messaging (Engman, Lemanski, and Shepard-Carey 2019). ...