January 2025
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6 Reads
Ceramics International
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January 2025
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6 Reads
Ceramics International
December 2024
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2 Reads
August 2024
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6 Reads
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1 Citation
Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy
March 2024
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245 Reads
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10 Citations
Construction and Building Materials
This paper provides a comprehensive review of calcium sulfate whiskers (CSW), focusing on their synthesis methods, morphological characteristics, and diverse applications across industries. Whiskers, known for their specific length-to-diameter ratio and ordered atomic structure, offer exceptional physical and mechanical properties, making them valuable reinforcements for various materials. Through a bibliometric analysis, a comprehensive overview of the existing research landscape within this field is provided, offering valuable insights into potential future research directions, and identifying promising avenues for further investigation The paper highlights the significance of controlling reaction parameters to achieve high-quality whiskers with desirable morphologies. Furthermore, the crystal symmetry and composition of calcium sulfate whiskers play crucial roles in determining the thermal behavior and performance of CSW. The multifaceted applications of CSW are extensively discussed, ranging from enhancing the mechanical properties of plastics, ceramics, and rubber to improving friction materials, paper production, and environmental filter materials. This review underscores the growing importance of CSW as versatile reinforcements and highlights the need for further research to optimize synthesis techniques and explore novel applications in emerging fields.
February 2024
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25 Reads
Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy
A sustainable water-resistant binder was developed utilizing flue gas desulphurized (FGD) gyp-sum and fly ash (FA), which are byproducts of coal-based thermal power plants. FGD gypsum was subjected to calcination, resulting in the formation of β-hemihydrate plaster. Various trial mixes of binders were then formulated, incorporating different proportions of β-hemihydrate (50-75%) and fly ash (15-40%), along with a fixed amount of OPC (10%) and activators. The physio-chemical and mechanical properties of the sustainable binders were evaluated, leading to the recommendation of a binder mix (P4) containing 30% fly ash and 60% β-hemihydrate plaster due to its favorable cost-effectiveness. Binder mixes P4 exhibited a compressive strength of 10.25 MPa after 28 days, with a water absorption rate of 9.25%. To assess the durability of the binders, they were subjected to extreme weather conditions, evaluating their strength under hot and cold temperatures. The binder mixes displayed low thermal conductivities (0.140-0.153 W/m.K), making them suitable for insulation applications. Furthermore, the binders achieved a Class 1 classification based on fire test analysis according to BS 476-1997. The development of these binders serves the dual purpose of waste management by utilizing byproducts and providing an economical alternative to the cement industry for both internal and external applications. It propels the construction industry toward a future characterized by reduced carbon emissions.
June 2023
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226 Reads
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40 Citations
Construction and Building Materials
Flue Gas Desulphurized Gypsum (FGDG) is a by-product generated by the thermal power industry to remove sulfur dioxide (SO 2) from flue gas emissions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of flue gas desul-phurized (FGD) gypsum production, property, and applications in the construction industry. In 2020, global FGD gypsum production reached an estimated 255 million tons, primarily in Asia (55%), followed by Europe (22%), North America (18%), and the rest of the world (5%). The paper discusses the chemical and physical properties of FGD gypsum, including its composition, crystal structure, particle size, and moisture content. It also reviews the various applications of FGD gypsum, such as in cement and concrete production, agriculture, and gypsum board manufacturing. In the construction industry, FGD gypsum is widely used as a raw material for producing gypsum products, such as plasterboard and cement, due to its high purity and low cost. Moreover, FGD gypsum is increasingly used in agriculture as a soil amendment, which can improve soil structure, increase water retention, and provide essential nutrients to plants. The potential for FGD gypsum to be reused and recycled is also discussed , as well as its environmental impact. FGD gypsum can be safely disposed of in landfills or used for backfilling, with appropriate measures to prevent the leaching of heavy metals and other contaminants. It also delves into the potential benefits of FGD gypsum for improving fire resistance, and acoustic properties, and reducing material waste. With its high purity level and lower cost compared to natural gypsum, FGD gypsum is a viable alternative that can transform the construction industry. This paper also discusses its major drawbacks, such as high SO 3 content, dissolution in water, and ettringite formation. This review suggests that there is potential to improve the properties of FGD gypsum further and increase its use as a sustainable construction material in the future.
May 2023
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158 Reads
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11 Citations
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India) Series A
Development of lightweight plasters for mortar rendering utilizing Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum have been reported here. Lightweight plasters prepared using FGD gypsum and exfoliated vermiculite were characterized and studied in detail for interior wall applications. Different gypsum vermiculite plasters (GVP) with variable amounts of vermiculite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of all the samples are determined and considered to be efficient for interior applications. An optimum mix composition was selected based on its compressive strength, water absorption and porosity. Water absorption and porosity studies restrict the usage of GVP only to interior wall purposes. The acoustic performance of the materials revealed good sound absorption (α = 0.65). Plasters exhibit satisfactory durability under severe conditions of winter and summer weather. GVP shows excellent fire resistance under BS 476-1997 fire resistance classification with thermal conductivities (< 0.161 W/mK) much lower than standard building materials, which makes them fit for energy efficient insulation materials. These studies depict the efficient utilization of thermal power plant waste, FGD gypsum plaster in interior wall insulation for mortar rendering and can be further extended to exterior construction applications by reducing water absorption.
February 2022
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27 Reads
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3 Citations
This study reported solidification/stabilization of lead and copper-laden fly ash (adsorbent) utilizing cement as binder for their ultimate disposal. The Pb (II) and Cu (II) loaded fly ash was successfully immobilized within the cement matrix without presence of any chemical agents. A retardation of 80-100 minutes in the setting time of cement paste was noticed on the addition of metal-laden fly ash attributed to the presence of metal ions. However, a gradual decrease in mechanical strength of the mortars was observed with higher amounts of Pb (II) and Cu (II)-loaded fly ash in the mix composition. This gradual decrease is ascribed to the breakdown of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel network in the presence of metal crystallites, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses. TG-DTG studies also reveal a decrease in CSH (%) from 4.77% (for fly ash cement mortar) to 4.14% and 3.86% for Pb (II) and Cu (II)-loaded fly ash mortars, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of metal-laden fly ash cement mortars substantiate the immobilization of Pb (II) and Cu (II) metal ions in the cement matrix as peaks for Ca[Pb(OH)3]2 and Ca[CuH2O5Si] are visible in their patterns, respectively. TCLP tests conducted on 56 day cured metal-laden fly ash mortars show leachate concentration not exceeding the discharge standards. Overall, these results indicate that this integrated adsorption- solidification/stabilization process is efficient for safe disposal and utilization of heavy metal-laden fly ash for building and construction related work as a secondary material.
January 2022
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9 Reads
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3 Citations
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal
December 2020
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52 Reads
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13 Citations
SN Applied Sciences
This study aimed to investigate the possibility of utilizing a locally available fly ash as a low-cost adsorbent material for the removal of copper from aqueous solution. Though copper is an essential element, it can be poisonous to human beings at higher concentrations. The removal efficiency of copper is studied under the different initial concentrations of copper (20–50 mg/L), pH (2–6), and fly ash dosage (20–80 g/L). A second-order polynomial model is proposed to study the interactive effects of the parameters. The result of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirms the quadratic model is very significant. The optimization of the process variables is carried out by using a full factorial rotatable Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by Design-Expert Software (Version 6.0.8, State Ease, USA). The maximum removal of copper is achieved at an initial copper concentration of 43 mg/L, pH 6, and fly ash dosage 63 g/L. The value of the determination coefficient (R²) is found to be 0.9945. The value of Prob > F of the developed model is < 0.0001, indicating the applicability of the model. The fly ash has been analyzed by XRD, DTA, FTIR, and SEM/EDS techniques. The results of this study indicate that this fly ash can be used as a low-cost adsorbent to treat acidic wastewater generated from industries like electroplating, fertilizer, copper smelting, acid mine drainage, etc.
... As activators, sulfates such as CaSO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 are typically utilized in the production of sulfate activated cementitious materials [19]. The literature has documented the employment of calcined FGD gypsum as a value-added building material in the production of lightweight aggregates [20], lightweight plaster [21], high performance building gypsum [5], plasterboard, cement and concrete production [22]. ...
June 2023
Construction and Building Materials
... As activators, sulfates such as CaSO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 are typically utilized in the production of sulfate activated cementitious materials [19]. The literature has documented the employment of calcined FGD gypsum as a value-added building material in the production of lightweight aggregates [20], lightweight plaster [21], high performance building gypsum [5], plasterboard, cement and concrete production [22]. ...
May 2023
Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India) Series A
... The scientific literature indicates several optimization methods for the removal of metal ions from wastewater by adsorption, such as the Taguchi approach, Plackett-Burman Design, and Response Surface Methodology (based on three-level full factorial design, Box-Behnken design, central composite design, or Doehlert design) [43][44][45]. The optimization ...
January 2022
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal
... An important aspect that must be treated with special attention is the safe disposal of the loaded adsorbent. A previous recommendation is made by Maiti and co-workers [69]. The authors proposed to use the material after adsorption of heavy metals in cement matrix. ...
February 2022
... The scientific literature indicates several optimization methods for the removal of metal ions from wastewater by adsorption, such as the Taguchi approach, Plackett-Burman Design, and Response Surface Methodology (based on three-level full factorial design, Box-Behnken design, central composite design, or Doehlert design) [43][44][45]. The optimization ...
December 2020
SN Applied Sciences