Siyoung Lee’s research while affiliated with Gangneung–Wonju National University and other places

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Publications (22)


Potential of Erythrosine-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy as a Cavity Disinfectant: Antibacterial Efficacy and Bonding Ability
  • Article

August 2024

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14 Reads

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

Gawon Lee

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Haeni Kim

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Siyoung Lee

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This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in dentin and its effect on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to dentin. Eighty extracted human noncarious premolars were used in this study. Forty teeth were used for the antibacterial activity test, while the remaining 40 were used for the SBS test. Both experiments were conducted with 4 experimental groups (n = 10): control (distilled water), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 6%), chlorhexidine (CHX, 0.12%), and erythrosine-mediated PDT. Antibacterial effects were evaluated by counting S. mutans colony-forming units (CFUs). The SBS of composite resins to dentin was measured using a universal testing machine. All treatments (NaOCl, CHX, and PDT) demonstrated statistically significant differences in antibacterial activity compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The antibacterial effects were ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: NaOCl, PDT, and CHX. In the SBS test, the NaOCl group exhibited a statistically significant difference compared with the CHX, PDT, and control groups (p < 0.05), with the lowest bond strength. No statistically significant differences were found among the CHX, PDT, and control groups (p > 0.05). Erythrosine-mediated PDT exhibited significant antibacterial effects against S. mutans, with higher antibacterial activity than CHX but lower than NaOCl. Only NaOCl negatively affected the bond strength of composite resin to dentin. In conclusion, erythrosine-mediated PDT shows potential as a cavity disinfectant due to its significant antibacterial effects against S. mutans and lack of adverse effects on bond strength.


Comparative Evaluation of the Fluoride Releasing Ability and Microbial Attachment of Glass-Hybrid Restorative Material

May 2024

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13 Reads

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1 Citation

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

MinKi Choi

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Howon Park

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Siyoung Lee

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[...]

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This study aimed to compare the fluoride-releasing ability and degree of microbial attachment of a newly developed glass-hybrid restorative material (GH) with those of a high-viscosity glass ionomer (HvGIC), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), and composite resin (CR). In addition, the correlation between fluoride-releasing ability and microbial attachment between materials was evaluated. Specimens were prepared in a disc shape and divided into 4 groups according to the materials (GH, HvGIC, RMGI, and CR). The fluoride release experiments were performed in each group (n = 15). The amount of fluoride released was measured on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 after storage. For the microbial attachment experiment, 12 specimens were produced per group using Mutans Streptococci ( S.mutans ), a cariogenic microorganism. S. mutans was cultured on the specimens for 24 hours, and the number of bacteria was measured. GH had the highest cumulative fluoride release and showed a significant difference when compared with RMGI ( p = 0.001) and CR ( p < 0.0001). Microbial attachment was the lowest in GH; however, no significant difference was observed between the materials ( p = 0.169). There was no significant correlation between fluoride release from materials and microbial attachment ( p > 0.05). From this perspective, remineralization of low-mineralized areas could be expected due to the high fluoride release of GH, and the effect of delaying the progression of dental caries could be predicted from the low cariogenic microbial attachment. Therefore, GH might be a useful restorative material for treating immature permanent teeth with hypomineralized enamel. However, further studies are needed about the degree of remineralization of hypomineralized areas after restoration and the capacity to recharge fluoride.


Enhancing the Antibacterial Effect of Erythrosine-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy with Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid

February 2024

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3 Reads

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

This study evaluated the additive impact of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ) biofilm by measuring colony-forming units and applying confocal laser scanning microscopy. Fifty-six bovine incisors, free from dental caries or structural defects, were utilized in this study. Dentin specimens were created by cutting with a low-speed diamond disk under a continuous flow of water, resulting in dimensions of 6.0 mm × 3.0 mm × 2.0 mm. The specimens were categorized into 4 groups: Control, EDTA, PDT, and EDTA + PDT. S. mutans ATCC 25175 was employed to establish biofilm on the dentin specimens. A 17% EDTA solution was applied for 1 min. For PDT, erythrosine served as the photosensitizer. Finally, a light-emitting diode source (385 - 515 nm) was employed in this study. The PDT group exhibited a significantly lower bacterial count than both the control and EDTA groups ( p < 0.001). The EDTA + PDT group demonstrated a significantly reduced bacterial count compared to the other 3 groups ( p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that EDTA enhances the antimicrobial efficacy of PDT on S. mutans biofilm. Even at a low concentration of photosensitizer, the combination of EDTA and PDT yields a significant antibacterial effect.


Evaluation of Acid Resistance of Demineralized Dentin after Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide Treatment

November 2022

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6 Reads

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1 Citation

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

This study investigated the effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) treatments on the acid resistance of dentin exposed to secondary caries. Sixteen bovine dentin specimens with artificially induced caries were assigned to the following four groups: untreated negative control, untreated positive control, SDF-treated (SDF), and SDF and KI-treated (SDFKI). Multispecies cariogenic biofilms containing Streptococcus mutans , Lactobacillus casei , and Candida albicans were cultured on the specimens for 28 days, except for the negative control group. Specimens from the negative control group were stored in phosphate-buffered saline for that period. After a cariogenic biofilm challenge, the degree of demineralization was evaluated using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). As a result of data analysis using micro-CT, the demineralization depths of the negative control, positive control, SDF, and SDFKI groups were 149.0 ± 7 μm, 392.0 ± 11 μm, 206.0 ± 20 μm, and 230.0 ± 31 μm, respectively. The degree of demineralization was significantly reduced in the SDF and SDFKI groups compared with that in the untreated positive control group. There were no significant differences between the SDF and SDFKI groups. This study confirmed that SDF and SDFKI treatments increase the acid resistance of dentin to secondary caries. KI did not significantly affect the cariesarresting effect of the SDF.


Effect of Potassium Iodide on Erythrosine-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Streptococcus Mutans Biofilms

August 2022

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7 Reads

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1 Citation

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

The aim of this in-vitro study is to evaluate the effect of potassium iodide (KI) on erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. S. mutans ATCC 25175 was cultured to form a biofilm on a hydroxyapatite disk. After diluting erythrosine to 20 μM and KI to 10, 50, and 100 mM, respectively, PDT was performed. The number of surviving bacteria was calculated as colony forming units (CFU)/mL and the statistical significance of the difference between groups was confirmed by Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Cell viability was visually evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). As a result of the experiment, a significant decrease ( p < 0.05) in CFU was observed in the experimental groups in which PDT was performed after applying KI regardless of the concentration of KI. In addition, a significant reduction ( p < 0.05) in CFU was observed in the experimental group to which 100 mM KI was applied compared to 10 mM KI. The same results were confirmed when observing CLSM. KI significantly improved the efficacy of erythrosine-mediated PDT on S. mutans biofilms at all concentrations. This may compensate for the low sensitivity of PDT to biofilm-state bacteria strains, but it is necessary to establish an optimal clinical protocol through further research.


Surface Roughness of Dentin and Formation of Early Cariogenic Biofilm after Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide Application

May 2022

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16 Reads

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2 Citations

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) on the formation of cariogenic biofilm and surface roughness in vitro. A total of 48 bovine dentin specimens with artificially induced caries were prepared and divided into 3 groups of 16: untreated control, SDF-treated, and SDF-treated followed by KI (SDFKI). Ten specimens from each group were used to observe microbial adhesion. Multispecies cariogenic biofilms including Streptococcus mutans , Lactobacillus casei , and Candida albicans were cultured on the specimens. Microbes were cultured for 24 hours, and the colony-forming unit was calculated. The remaining specimens were observed by atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The number of bacteria was significantly lower in the SDF and SDFKI groups. KI did not inhibit the antibacterial activity of SDF significantly. SEM images showed particles generated after SDF and SDFKI application were deposited on the dentin, but there was no significant difference in surface roughness between the 3 groups. This study confirmed that SDF and SDFKI application did not have a significant effect on the surface roughness of dentin, but effectively inhibited the formation of the early cariogenic bacterial film after 24 hours compared to the control.


Recovery of Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm after Photodynamic Therapy with Erythrosine and LED Light Source

May 2022

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7 Reads

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of erythrosine-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Streptococcus mutans biofilm recovery by counting its colony-forming units (CFUs) and via confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis at different time points following PDT. In PDT, photosensitizer was an erythrosine. S. mutans ATCC25175 biofilms were irradiated using an LED curing light. Chlorhexidine (CHX) was used as positive control. After each antimicrobial treatment, samples were cultured to allow biofilm recovery. Viability was measured by calculating the CFU counts after treatment and after every 3 hours for up to 24 hours. Immediately after treatment, the PDT and CHX groups showed equally significant decreases in S. mutans CFU counts compared to the negative control. After 12 hours of reculture, the PDT group showed no significant difference in the decrease in CFU count compared to the negative control, whereas the CHX group showed significantly lower CFU counts throughout the 24-hour period. Erythrosine-mediated PDT can effectively inhibit S. mutans biofilm formation. However, biofilm recovery occurred earlier in the CHX group after PDT. This study provides insights into the clinical effectiveness of PDT in preventing dental caries.


Effect of Photothermal Therapy with Indocyanine Green in Multispecies Biofilm

February 2021

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11 Reads

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

The purpose of this study is to investigate the antibacterial effects of indocyanine green (ICG) and near-infrared diode lasers on multispecies biofilms.Multispecies biofilms of Streptococcus mutans , Lactobacillus casei and Candida albicans were treated with different irradiation time using photosensitizer ICG and 808 nm near-infrared diode laser. Colony forming unit (CFU) was measured, and qualitative evaluation of biofilm was performed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Temperature measurement was conducted to evaluate photothermal effect.In the groups using ICG and diode laser, reduction in CFU was statistically significant, but the difference in antibacterial effect on L. casei and C. albicans with irradiation time was not significant, and similar results were confirmed with CLSM. Groups with ICG and diode laser showed higher temperature elevation than groups without ICG, and results of measured temperature were similar to the range of hyperthermia.In conclusion, ICG and near-infrared diode laser showed antibacterial effects on multispecies biofilms, but studies on protocol are necessary for clinical application.


Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm Inhibition Effect of Indocyanine Green and Near Infrared Diode Laser

November 2020

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18 Reads

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Indocyanine Green (ICG) and near-infrared (NIR) diode laser on Streptococcus mutans biofilms depending on ICG concentrations. S. mutans biofilms were formed on a Hydroxyapatite disk, and 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL ICG solutions dissolved in sterile distilled water and a NIR diode laser having a power of 300 mW and a wavelength of 808 nm were applied to the biofilms. The temperature changes of the biofilm surface according to the concentrations of the ICG solution were measured using a 1-channel thermocouple thermometer. Compared to the control group, in the groups with only the 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL ICG solution application, and in the groups with the 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg/mL ICG solution application and light irradiation, a statistically significant decrease in the bacterial counts were observed. The temperature increase according to the concentration of the ICG solutions was 9.53℃, 10.43℃, 11.40℃, 12.10℃, 12.67℃, and 13.63℃ in ICG solutions of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 mg/mL respectively.This study presents the potential for clinical application of ICG and NIR diode lasers as a new method for preventing dental caries.


Effect of Indocyanine Green and Infrared Diode Laser to Streptococcus mutans Biofilms

July 2020

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9 Reads

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7 Citations

Photobiomodulation Photomedicine and Laser Surgery

Objective: The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the effects of the indocyanine green (ICG)-near-infrared (NIR) photoreaction on Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Background: ICG recently emerged as a photosensitive agent for photodynamic therapy. Although the effects of ICG-NIR on S. mutans inhibition are documented, little is known about its influence on biofilms, which are resistant to antimicrobial treatment and a major cause of plaque that leads to dental caries. Methods: ICG was used as a photosensitizer with a diode laser irradiated in a rectangular shape (810 nm, 300 mW) as a light source on S. mutans ATCC 25175 biofilms. Viability was determined by the colony forming unit (CFU) count and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The biofilm surface temperature was measured with a one-channel thermocouple thermometer. Results: ICG and NIR diode laser significantly decreased the CFU count of S. mutans compared with the control group in a time-dependent manner. When irradiated with light after ICG application, temperature changes of 8.4°C, 12.4°C, and 14.9°C were observed with 10, 30, and 60 sec of irradiation, respectively. Conclusions: The ICG-NIR diode laser photoreaction can inhibit S. mutans biofilms, especially at 60 sec. An optimized protocol is needed for clinical application of ICG-NIR diode laser treatment.


Citations (14)


... These materials have a measurable anti-caries effect when they are used as an alternative restorative, and when they release enough fluoride, suggesting that a higher fluoride content in the material is better as long as it does not interfere with its mechanical properties (Barakat and Abdelrahim, 2022;Choi et al., 2024). ...

Reference:

An in vitro study of fluoride-preloaded halloysite nanotubes to enhance the fluoride release in conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements
Comparative Evaluation of the Fluoride Releasing Ability and Microbial Attachment of Glass-Hybrid Restorative Material
  • Citing Article
  • May 2024

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

... Several studies have already demonstrated the re-mineralization and antibacterial effects of FP and SDF, consisting of silver, fluoride, and ammonia. Two-step products are also available for further application of potassium iodide (KI) to improve tooth discoloration by silver ions, which is considered a fatal side effect of SDF [7][8][9]. ...

Surface Roughness of Dentin and Formation of Early Cariogenic Biofilm after Silver Diamine Fluoride and Potassium Iodide Application
  • Citing Article
  • May 2022

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

... Given these favorable immune properties, it is currently used in medicine and dentistry. Since the photodynamic reactions with indocyanine can proceeed without oxygen [12], research in dentistry to use indocyanine green has mainly focused on controlling periodontal and root canal infection by anaerobic bacteria and has proved effective [13]. The local use of fluoride before or after laser irradiation increases fluoride absorption and decreases solubility in acidic solutions [14]. ...

Effect of Indocyanine Green and Infrared Diode Laser to Streptococcus mutans Biofilms
  • Citing Article
  • July 2020

Photobiomodulation Photomedicine and Laser Surgery

... The microorganisms used for the cariogenic challenge were Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334, and Candida albicans ATCC 18804. Multispecies cariogenic biofilms were prepared based on the previous study [13]. The bacteria were cultivated on blood agar plates at 37°C for 24 hours until the isolated colonies were visible. ...

Antimicrobial Effect of Photodynamic Therapy Using Plaque Disclosing Agent
  • Citing Article
  • May 2020

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

... Ayrıca, çalışmada en düşük bakteriyel adezyon gösteren grup olan amalgamda, bu durumun nedeni olarak Streptococcus mutans'ın büyümesini olumsuz etkileyebileceği düşünülen civadan söz edilmiştir (45). Farklı bitirme prosedürleri sonrası çeşitli restoratif materyallerin (alkasit, rezin modifiye cam iyonomer siman-[RMCIS], kompozit rezin) yüzey pürüzlülüğü ve bakteri adezyonunun değerlendirildiği bir başka çalışmada, bu iki parametre arasında zayıf bir korelasyon bulunduğu ve RMCIS ile alkasit gruplarındaki düşük mikrobiyal tutulum değerlerinin materyallerin florür salınımı yapmalarıyla ilişkilendirilebileceği bildirilmiştir (46). Önceki bazı çalışmalarda da bu gibi materyallerde hem asidik hem de nötr pH 'da florür iyon salınımı görülebildiği ve florürün de Streptococcus mutans'ın sükrozu fermente etme yeteneğini azaltarak plaktaki seviyelerini önemli ölçüde düşürebileceği bilgilerine yer verilmiştir (44,47). ...

Surface Roughness and Microbial Adhesion After Finishing of Alkasite Restorative Material
  • Citing Article
  • May 2020

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

... Изменение цвета зубов может оказывать значительное влияние на самооценку человека [1,4,13]. Потребность в процедурах по отбеливанию зубов существует уже более ста лет, и с тех пор были предприняты значительные усилия для понимания причин изменения цвета зубов и разработки методов отбеливания [3,6]. ...

Application of Teeth Whitening LED for Prevention of Dental Caries : Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Approach
  • Citing Article
  • February 2020

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

... The PDT group demonstrated a significantly reduced number of S. mutans microorganisms compared to the control and EDTA groups. This result supports the effectiveness of PDT against cariogenic bacteria, consistent with prior research[15][16][17]32,33]. However, PDT is less effective when dealing with mature biofilm state. ...

Susceptibility of Mutans streptococci in the Planktonic and Biofilm State to Erythrosine
  • Citing Article
  • May 2019

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY

... These ROS are lethal to bacteria, causing damage to cell membranes, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids [12,13]. Demonstrating effectiveness in inhibiting biofilms of burn wounds, chronically infected diabetic ulcers, and oral biofilms, aPDT holds promise for treating AP [14][15][16]. However, its efficacy is challenged in the hypoxic microenvironments of biofilms due to its oxygen-dependent nature [17,18]. ...

Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on Multispecies Biofilms, Including Streptococcus mutans , Lactobacillus casei , and Candida albicans
  • Citing Article
  • April 2019

Photobiomodulation Photomedicine and Laser Surgery

... In addition, the smoothness of the restoration surface directly interferes with bacterial adhesion and wear of the opposite dentition. 29,30 Concerning cell adhesion, Candida albicans has been reported to be the most prevalent type of fungus in the oral cavity, and has been identified as an opportunistic species in periodontal and peri-implant disease. 29,30 Various products for finishing resin materials are available, including tungsten carbide burs, 31 diamond rotary instruments of different grits, 23,32 rubber tips impregnated with different materials, 33 and glazes. ...

Effect of various polishing burs on surface roughness and bacterial adhesion in pediatric zirconia crowns
  • Citing Article
  • March 2019

Dental Materials Journal

... Numerous studies have explored the effects of PDT on S. mutans biofilms under varying conditions related to photosensitizers and light sources [15][16][17]. Nevertheless, when PDT was applied to biofilm conditions, its therapeutic effectiveness was suboptimal, giving rise to concerns regarding improving its efficacy. ...

Antimicrobial Effect on Streptococcus mutans in Photodynamic Therapy using Different Light Source
  • Citing Article
  • February 2018

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY