Sigmund Freud’s scientific contributions

... A well-known example is the zoomorphic pareidolia in The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne by Leonardo da Vinci (1452−1519), depicted in figure 8a. In this painting, the Virgin's garment reveals the profile of a bird (kite or vulture), which Sigmund Freud used as the basis for a psychoanalytic examination of da Vinci [74]. Figure 8b,c shows two examples of anthropomorphic pareidolia in the works of another Italian Renaissance painter, Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1527−1593), renowned for his imaginative portraits composed of a wide range of elements such as animals, fruits, plants, flowers, candles and books [75]. ...

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Inspired by nature, refined by numbers: formal–functional bioinspiration and intelligent computation in vehicle design